THEY’RE known as “oily fruits.” Because of their numerous health benefits, notwithstanding their high fat content, almonds, hazelnuts, and other nuts are among foods recommended for consumption in Canada, the US, France, and across the European Union — to the tune of a small handful each day.

From a nutritional standpoint, these hard-shelled fruits are distinguished by high levels (50-75%) of unsaturated fats (which are seen as “good fats”), significant protein content (10-25%), plus minerals (sodium, magnesium, potassium), vitamins B3, B9, B6, and E, fiber, antioxidants, and vegetable oils. A stack of data suggests that they could help us age well and protect us from a range of chronic conditions.

STRIPPING OUT ‘BAD’ CHOLESTEROL
If there’s one area where shelled fruits have proved their worth, it’s bringing cholesterol down. Reducing the amount of animal fat in your diet and eating fiber are, for certain, effective ways to cut levels of LDL-cholesterol, that’s to say “bad cholesterol.” But many studies have also shown the benefits of a daily handful of almonds. The same seems true of all nuts.

In 2010, a study of the collected data over the course of 25 clinical trials involving men and women with high cholesterol showed that eating 67 gm of nuts every day for three to eight weeks could cut LDL-C levels by 7.4%, with more sizeable effects than this on symptoms since the patients were over healthy limits previously.

Another systematic data review confirmed this, albeit at a more modest rate. Carried out in 2018, it analyzed results from 26 clinical trials: the authors in this case detected a 3.7% fall in LDL-C levels for a diet rich in shelled fruits (15-108 gm per day) over a period of one to 12 months. It’s known that lowering LDL-C levels is linked to a reduction in total mortality and in deaths from cardiovascular disease, particularly if levels were high to start with. Even if no clinical study has yet shown that eating nuts can reduce the risk of heart failure, there’s no shortage of arguments to support such a hypothesis.

LOWER RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
First one might point to the results of a meta-analysis published in 2019. Applying the criteria used by Canada’s Cochrane Center, the authors chose 19 studies, and evaluated that a 28-gm daily portion of shelled fruits is associated with a 13% fall in cardiovascular disease, and 29% in deaths from heart disease.

You could also refer to a huge randomized and controlled study across many different locations on the role of a Mediterranean diet enriched with nuts in reducing the risk of heart disease. Participants in this, aged 55-80 and registering a significant risk of heart, were assigned one of three diets — low-fat, a Mediterranean diet rich in olive oil, and a Mediterranean diet with added nuts. They were tracked for almost five years on average. At the end of the research, it was shown that heart problems were less frequent among the two groups following the Mediterranean diet.

FAT THAT DOESN’T MAKE YOU PUT ON WEIGHT
On the energy side, 30 gm of almonds, peanuts, pistachios, or cashews work out as a 180-calorie snack; the same quantity of pecans or Brazil nuts come to 220-230 calories. These figures are roughly equivalent to 30-40 gm of milk chocolate. Since the calorific content is essentially made up of fats, one might be given to think one must beware of “oily fruits” if weight-watching. But that assumption would be wrong…

In fact, a recent piece of research closely analyzed six cohort studies and 62 randomized diet tests. This concluded that regularly eating nuts for a longer or shorter period of time (between three and 336 weeks) is linked to very slight weight loss (an average of 200 gm) and a shrinking waistline (by an average of 0.5cm).

If the reasons for these counter-intuitive outcomes haven’t been adequately explained yet, various theories can be put forward. For one, there is the matrix that encases the oils in nuts limits, to an extent, their absorption in the gut. To put it simply — some of the fat content in nuts is eliminated in the body’s cells, rather than being absorbed. Meanwhile, thanks to how they blunt our appetite, almonds and other nuts reduce the amount we eat at meals, so much so that our overall calorie count is no greater, or perhaps less than it would have been without them.

DO NUTS HAVE ANTI-CANCER PROPERTIES?
Other benefits are attributed to shelled fruits — notably around cancer prevention, although the evidence for this is weak. The relevant studies rely on observations alone, and suffer from various interpretation biases.

According to an analysis of 33 studies published before June 2019, increased consumption of nuts is demonstrably linked to a 10% fall in cancer risk; and the effect is more marked for cancers of the digestive system, with a risk reduction of 17%.

Nuts’ high antioxidant content might be one of the drivers for this. But before exploring this hypothesis further, we need to check the observed data with verifiable controlled and randomized clinical trials. For the moment, there’s nothing that allows us to say that eating nuts protects against cancer.

FEWER NEURODEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS
Oils and fats are vital for the brain. After fat tissue, it’s the organ in the body richest in lipids: they can be found in the neuron membranes and related cells, but also in the myelin which speeds up the transmission of electrical impulses through the nervous system.

Several research teams have set out to evaluate the benefits of nuts for the central nervous system. What have they learned?

Their notable discovery was that after a few weeks of a diet more or less rich in nuts, 19-month-old rats performed better on psychometric tests. A diet of 2% nuts boosted their performance on a rod-clambering test, one of 6% nuts saw them do better on a plank-walking test, and at both these levels their powers of short-term memory were heightened. These results have been confirmed by a study of shorter duration, with a marked improvement detectable in the rodents’ learning and memory.

As for humans, a study of the PREDIMED diet intervention has shown that a Mediterranean diet rich in nuts improves short-term memory. It has also offered evidence, at a biological level, of a reduced risk of low BDNF plasma — a protein which helps the growth and vigor of new neurons. Nuts seem to have a beneficial role in warding off age-related cognitive decline. However, we don’t have direct proof that if one regularly eats nuts, it reduces the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

To sum up: nuts appear at first glance to have all the features allowing them to be considered allies of our health. While they are calorie-rich and high in fats, a 30-gm serving per day seems to cut “bad cholesterol” and protect us from cardiovascular disease, without affecting our weight. There are plenty of theories that suggest they have a positive impact, both on other illnesses and warding off cognitive decline associated with age.

Plenty of good reasons to recommend everyone to include a handful of almonds, hazelnuts, or other nuts in the food they eat each day — obviously without added sugar or salt!

(Translation from French into English by Joshua Neicho.)

Dr. Boris Hansel is a university professor – hospital practitioner at the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), and in the Faculty of Health at the Paris Cité University. Diana Kadouch is a hospital practitioner at the Bichat Hospital, in the Diabetology-Nutrition Department, AP-HP, and a Lecturer in the Nutrition department, Paris Cité University. Jérémy Puyraimond-Zemmour is an assistant specialist in the Diabetology-Nutrition Department of Bichat Hospital, AP-HP, and a lecturer in the Nutrition department, Paris Cité University.