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GOCC subsidies drop 39% in November

PSALM

SUBSIDIES provided to government-owned and -controlled corporations (GOCCs) fell 38.91% year on year in November, the Bureau of the Treasury said.

Budgetary support to state-run firms totaled P7.47 billion in November.

Month on month, GOCC subsidies fell 16.23%.

State-owned firms receive monthly subsidies from the National Government to support their daily operations if their revenue is insufficient.

In November, the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) received P5.7 billion in subsidies or 76.26% of the total.

This was followed by the National Food Authority (NFA), which received P750 million, the Philippine Heart Center (P184 million), and the National Kidney and Transplant Institute (P124 million).

Other GOCCs on the subsidy list were the Philippine Children’s Medical Center (P106 million), the Tourism Promotions Board (P102 million), the Light Rail Transit Authority (P74 million), the Intercontinental Broadcasting Corp.-13 (P64 million), the PRRI (P62 million), the Lung Center of the Philippines (P59 million), and Philippine Coconut Authority (P56 million).

GOCCs that obtained subsidies of less than P50 million were the Cultural Center of the Philippines (P34 million), the National Dairy Authority (P27 million), the Philippine Institute for Development Studies (P24 million), and the Center for International Trade Expositions and Missions (P20 million).

Also receiving subsidies were the People’s Television Network, Inc. (P18 million), the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (P16 million), the Manila International Airport Authority (P14 million), the Aurora Pacific Economic Zone and Freeport Authority (P10 million).

State-run firms receiving less than P10 million were the Development Academy of the Philippines (P9 million), the Southern Philippines Development Authority (P7 million), the Philippine Tax Academy (P5 million), the Philippine Center for Economic Development (P5 million), and the Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority (P4 million).

GOCCs receiving no subsidies were the Land Bank of the Philippines, the Small Business Corp., the National Electrification Administration, the National Housing Authority, the National Power Corp., the Bases Conversion and Development Authority, the Philippine National Railways, the Philippine Crop Insurance Corp., the Philippine Health Insurance Corp., the Philippine Reclamation Authority, the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority, the Sugar Regulatory Authority, and the Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority.

In the first 11 months, GOCC subsidies totaled P95.85 billion, down 25.95% from a year earlier.

The NIA had the most subsidies during the 11-month period with P39.73 billion, followed by the NFA with P13.65 billion.

Executive Secretary and Former Finance Secretary Ralph G. Recto has said that state-run firms are expected to generate P157 billion in remittances this year, with 53 remitting P116.84 billion as of September. — Aubrey Rose A. Inosante

Bill proposes three-year tax exemption for micro firms

People buy food items at a market in Quezon City, Nov. 22, 2024. — PHILIPPINE STAR/MIGUEL DE GUZMAN

A BILL seeking to grant temporary tax relief to micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) has been filed in the Senate, in order to ease the financial burden on smaller firms amid rising costs and tighter market conditions.

Senate Bill No. 1622, filed by Senator Joseph Victor G. Ejercito on Dec. 16, proposes a three-year income tax exemption for micro enterprises and an additional tax incentive for small and medium enterprises that expand their workforce.

Under the proposed measure, single proprietorships, cooperatives, partnerships, and corporations classified as micro enterprises under Republic Act No. 6977, or the Magna Carta for Small Enterprises, will be exempt from paying income tax during the bill’s effectivity period.

Small and medium enterprises, meanwhile, will be allowed an additional 25% deduction on labor expenses for every employee they hire.

In the bill’s explanatory note, Mr. Ejercito cited the critical role of MSMEs in the economy.

In 2024, 99.63% or 1.236 million of the country’s 1.24 million registered business establishments fell under the MSME category, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority.

MSMEs face limited access to financing, high operating costs, regulatory compliance burdens, lack of business knowledge, and competition from larger firms, the senator said.

“The government recognizes the critical role of MSMEs in economic development and has introduced various programs and policies to support their growth and sustainability,” Mr. Ejercito said. “This measure seeks to further promote and strengthen the growth and development of MSMEs in all sectors of the economy by providing incentives for their continued operation.”

The proposed tax incentives are also intended to support job creation and help MSMEs adapt as the Philippines moves toward a more digital and globally connected economy.

The bill designates the Department of Finance, in coordination with the Bureau of Internal Revenue, as the issuers of the implementing rules and regulations. — Erika Mae P. Sinaking

New rice varieties expected to boost yields

PHILIPPINE RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE

THE Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) said it is testing new rice varieties nationwide with a view towards increasing farm yields by 2027.

In a statement, PhilRice said it established 173 of the targeted 180 variety field trial (VFT) sites during the 2025 wet season, across 78 provinces. It said 69 sites have already been harvested despite weather- and pest-related setbacks.

Supported by the Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund’s Seed Program, the trials are evaluating 15 inbred rice varieties, including entries from the NSIC Rc 600–700 series, alongside farmer-preferred varieties currently in use.

Unlike hybrid rice, inbred varieties produce succeeding generations with stable genetic traits, allowing farmers to retain seed for replanting in the next season.

According to PhilRice, one of the new varieties matches the taste and performance of the popular high-yielding rice variety NSIC Rc 222 (Tubigan 18) developed by the International Rice Research Institute.

PhilRice said the trials will allow farmers, local governments and seed growers to directly observe and compare the performance of the varieties under local soil and climatic conditions.

“Farmers now have the opportunity to choose rice varieties that perform well in their own fields … Through the VFT, they can select varieties based on yield, field performance, and grain characteristics they observe firsthand,” Justine P. Ragos, a VFT representative, was quoted as saying in the statement.

PhilRice said varieties selected through the process will be multiplied by seed growers beginning the 2027 dry season and distributed ahead of the wet season. — Vonn Andrei E. Villamiel

Lanao del Sur health facilities to be powered by solar energy

FACEBOOK.COM/PIO.LANAODELSUR

THE Department of Energy (DoE) will install 170-kilowatt-peak (kWp) rooftop solar panels with battery storage in four public health facilities in Lanao del Sur to help ensure uninterrupted delivery of essential medical services.

The solar panels will be installed in Tamparan Provincial Hospital, the provincial infirmary in Marawi City, Wao District Hospital, and Dr. Serapio B. Montañer, Jr. Al-Haj Memorial Hospital in Malabang, the DoE said in a statement on Thursday.

Tamparan Provincial Hospital will receive a rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) facility with 40 kWp of capacity and 140 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of battery storage; the Marawi City infirmary will get a 30-kWp solar PV facility and 60 kWh in battery storage; Wao District Hospital will get a 50-kWp solar PV facility with 100 kWh in battery storage; and the memorial hospital will get a 50-kWp solar PV facility and 100 kWh in battery storage.

The planned installations are being pushed under the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency: Access to Climate Security and Health Services (RE3ACHS) Project, which is targeted for full operations by the first quarter of 2026.

The DoE’s partners in the project are the United Nations Development Programme, the Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources, and Energy of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, and Lanao del Sur province, supported by the Government of Japan.

“Hospitals require electricity round the clock to run cooling systems, lighting, and critical medical equipment,” Energy Undersecretary Mario C. Marasigan said. “By integrating solar PV systems with battery storage, we can reduce operating costs, strengthen energy security, and help ensure continuous power when it matters most,” he added.

Valued at about P33 million, the RE3ACHS Project forms part of the Japan Supplementary Budget 2024 Climate Promise Global Initiative, supported by a $1.3-million grant from the Government of Japan for the broader initiative. — Sheldeen Joy Talavera

Eala shifts focus to Macau after SEA Games triumph

ALEX EALA — PHILIPPINE STAR/RUSSELL PALMA

ALEXANDRA “ALEX” EALA has arrived in Macau to celebrate her gold medal campaign in the 33rd Southeast Asian (SEA) Games, Christmas Day and her entry into the 2025 MGM Macau Tennis Masters next week.

“Made it,” Ms. Eala posted on her Instagram account with a “Merry Christmas” greeting as backdrop.

“I’d love to share the joy of winning gold with you guys at the 2025 MGM Macau Tennis Masters. The holidays are for sharing — come spend them with us on court.”

The 20-year-old Filipina will have a short break with her family for Christmas in Macau before entering the exhibition tournament on Dec. 27 and 28 featuring the legends of the sport.

Ms. Eala, the WTA No. 53, is one of the rising stars invited to the event, which will feature captain’s teams, men’s and women’s singles as well as mixed doubles tournaments.

The lefty will face world No. 9 Mirra Andreeva of Russia in the women’s singles on Sunday.

It’s the first meeting for the world’s young stars since Ms. Eala beat Ms. Andreeva, 6-4, 6-0, in the quarterfinals of the 2022 US Open, which she ultimately won to become the first Filipina junior Grand Slam champion.

Ms. Eala and Ms. Andreeva also teamed up for a second-round finish in the doubles of the same event.

Before that, she will also figure in the mixed doubles with ATP No. 253 Jerry Shang of China, clashing against the 18-year-old Ms. Andreeva and ATP No. 182 Yibing Wu, also from China.

Ms. Eala is coming off a one-gold, two-bronze campaign in the SEA Games last week in Nonthaburi, Thailand.

She bagged bronze medals in the women’s team event with Stefi Aludo, Alexa Milliam, Tennielle Madis and Shaira Rivera as well as in the mixed doubles with Niño Alcantara.

Ms. Eala saved her best for last, scoring a 6-2, 6-1 romp of home bet Mananchaya Sawangkaew in the women’s singles finals to become the first Filipina SEAG champion since Maricris Fernandez in 1999. — John Bryan Ulanday

De Guzman, Pons, Rondina return to PVL clubs after national team service

JIA DE GUZMAN — PVL

THREE PREMIER Volleyball League (PVL) stars will make a much-awaited return to their respective mother clubs after their tour of duty with the national team.

Jia de Guzman and Bernadeth Pons should be back with the Creamline Cool Smashers and Sisi Rondina with the Choco Mucho Flying Titans when the PVL All-Filipino Conference unfolds Jan. 30.

Ms. De Guzman was originally scheduled to return to Creamline in the Reinforced Conference but eventually decided to skip it to focus on Alas Pilipinas where she was the top setter and captain in the Thailand Southeast Asian (SEA) Games.

They eventually finished fourth.

Ms. Pons and Ms. Rondina also took a leave of absence to play in the SEA Games beach volley event where they were pivotal pieces in the country’s breakthrough gold medal campaign there.

“They’re returning to their PVL mother teams,” said Philippine National Volleyball Federation Chief Tonyboy Liao referring to Ms. Pons and Ms. Rondina.

Ms. De Guzman already stated in October that suiting up for Creamline in the PVL All-Conference is part of her timeline next year.

Ms. De Guzman and Ms. Pons should be what the doctor ordered for a hurting franchise that missed its first podium finish since joining the league in 2017.

Over that span, the Cool Smashers had 10 titles, four runner-up finishes and five third-place efforts.

Ms. Rondina, for her part, should help resuscitate Choco Mucho’s flagging fortune after ending up 10th in the PVL on Tour and ninth in the Reinforced. — Joey Villar

Heat’s Rozier seeks dismissal of federal sports gambling charges

TERRY ROZIER — REUTERS/EDUARDO MUNOZ

SUSPENDED Miami Heat guard Terry Rozier is waiting to hear whether a federal court judge will dismiss the charges against him in a well-publicized sports gambling case.

The Athletic reported that an attorney representing Rozier filed a motion to dismiss the case earlier this month in the Eastern Division of New York. The filing became public on Tuesday.

Jim Trusty, who is representing Rozier, contended in documents that the player cannot be charged under federal law because the charges actually should fall under state law.

In addition, Trusty claimed in his filing that the charging documents don’t clearly state Rozier’s involvement in the case.

“The government has billed this case as involving ‘insider betting’ and ‘rigging’ professional basketball games,” Trusty wrote. “But the indictment alleges something less headline-worthy: that some bettors broke certain sportsbooks’ terms of use.”

Rozier, 31, was arrested Oct. 23 and charged with wire fraud conspiracy and money laundering. Also arrested was Portland Trail Blazers head coach Chauncey Billups.

Both entered not guilty pleas, and Rozier is free on $3-million bond. — Reuters

Koepka exits LIV Golf before contract ends

LIV GOLF announced on Tuesday that five-time major champion Brooks Koepka has parted ways with the worldwide tour prior to the 2026 season.

The 35-year-old Koepka, who had one year left on his LIV contract, has yet to declare whether he intends to return to the PGA Tour. He left in June 2022 when LIV signed him to a reported $100-million contract to jump-start its bid to compete with the PGA Tour.

“We have amicably and mutually agreed that Brooks Koepka will no longer compete in the LIV Golf League, following the 2025 season,” LIV Golf Chief Executive Officer Scott O’Neil said in a statement. “Brooks is prioritizing the needs of his family and staying closer to home.”

Koepka’s tenure with LIV was laden with highs and lows. When he won the 2023 PGA Championship after spending most of his days playing in LIV’s comparatively non-competitive environment that featured 54-hole, no-cut tournaments, it gave LIV a big boost of credibility.

On the flip side, Koepka occasionally expressed his frustration with his situation – sounding like the 2017 and 2018 US Open champion and 2018, 2019, 2023 PGA titlist was marking time.

“I’ve got a contract obligation out here to fulfill, and then we’ll see what happens,” Koepka said at one LIV event.

His official third-person statement did not offer any hints as to his future.

“Brooks Koepka will be stepping away from LIV Golf. He is deeply grateful to Yasir Al-Rumayyan, Scott O’Neil, and the LIV Golf leadership team, his teammates, and the fans. Family has always guided Brooks’ decisions, and he feels this is the right moment to spend more time at home. Brooks will continue to be a huge supporter of LIV Golf and wishes the league and its players continued success. Brooks remains passionate about the game of golf and will keep fans updated on what’s ahead.”

While Koepka can tee it up for all four majors next year thanks to his 2023 PGA Championship victory, the PGA Tour requires LIV exiles to sit out one year from their last LIV tournament. His last appearance was Aug. 24 at the one-day LIV Golf Michigan event.

The PGA Tour could offer an exemption, but also opted not to offer any hints in its statement.

“Brooks Koepka is a highly accomplished professional, and we wish him and his family continued success. The PGA Tour continues to offer the best professional golfers the most competitive, challenging and lucrative environment in which to pursue greatness.” — Reuters

Hall of Fame golfer Jumbo Ozaki dies at 78

WORLD GOLF Hall of Famer Masashi “Jumbo” Ozaki of Japan died on Tuesday after a battle with colon cancer. He was 78.

Ozaki won 114 tournaments around the world, including a record 94 on the Japan Golf Tour between 1973 and 2002.

“He is an indispensable, one-of-a-kind figure in discussing men’s golf, both now and in the future,” the Japan Golf Tour posted on X, translated into English.

He never won a major but finished in the top 10 at the Masters (T8 in 1973), The Open Championship (T10 in 1979) and the US Open (T6 in 1989). His 49 appearances in Grand Slam tournaments included 19 trips to the Masters, between 1972 and 2000.

Ozaki climbed as high as No. 5 in the world rankings in 1996 and was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2011. — Field Level Media/Reuters

Pressure builds on Winter Games as climate, funding concerns build

VAL GARDENA, Italy — Pressure is mounting on Italian authorities to accelerate preparations for the Milano Cortina Olympics amid funding gaps and unusually warm temperatures, even as the head of world skiing openly advocates a fundamental overhaul of how future Winter Games are hosted.

With the Games due to start in February, International Ski and Snowboard Federation president Johan Eliasch said Italy’s challenges were symptomatic of deeper structural issues facing winter sport, as rising costs, climate pressure and under-used infrastructure fuel calls for a rotating model of permanent Olympic hosts.

Growing concern over climate pressure, escalating costs and the waste of Olympic infrastructure after the Games is strengthening support within international sport for a rotation system, under which a small pool of established venues would host the Winter Olympics on a recurring basis.

Proponents argue that such a model would allow long-term planning, reduce spending and ensure consistent conditions for athletes and spectators, rather than forcing hosts to build or upgrade facilities that are rarely used once the Games end.

Eliasch said several Olympic venues were facing technical difficulties not because of shortcomings by local organizers, but because of funding issues at government level.

Games organizers have said the venues will be ready on time.

“We see here that there are some venues that have technical difficulties. It’s not the organizing committees. It’s just simply a lack of funding from the Italian government,” he told Reuters.

“It’s really important that every effort is now made to make sure that everything is ready on time.”

Eliasch warned that readiness alone was not enough.

“We know that we will get everything somehow ready on time,” he said. “But the question is, of course, what? And that’s what needs to meet a certain quality threshold and also experience threshold for the spectators, the fans, the athletes, first and foremost, to make this a success.”

He warned that funding constraints could push preparations beyond critical tipping points.

“We shouldn’t be penny wise and pound foolish,” Eliasch said. “And there are certain tipping points here in the process beyond which there is no return.

“So from a quality perspective, for what we’re trying to do here, it’s really important that funding doesn’t become an impediment to delivering the best of the best for those two and a half weeks in February,” he added.

Snowmaking has emerged as a key concern as organizers prepare venues across northern Italy, and Eliasch noted that parts of the downhill course in Bormio had no snow on them.

“We know right now that the snowmaking equipment is working, but we have an additional problem, and that is that the temperatures are very warm,” Eliasch said. “Which means we can only produce snow during the night, not during the daytime because it’s too warm.

“So the theoretical capacity simply can’t be met,” he added.

Alessandro Morelli, Italian Undersecretary of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, said he was happy with the situation.

“In Livigno, 53 additional snow cannons are in operation, ensuring the production of the snow needed for the smooth running of the competitions, ahead of the Olympics,” he told Italian news agency ANSA.

“The situation satisfies us, and we are confident that we can achieve an even better result than we had imagined.”

Eliasch contrasted the situation with regular international competitions.

“If this was a World Cup race or a World Championship race, it would be easy,” Eliasch said. “We’d know exactly what plan B, plan C, plan D is. We wouldn’t start making snow this late. We would have plans to bring in snow from other areas, track it in. We would have all sorts of contingency planning.”

Olympic events are far more complex, making financial certainty essential.

“Without clarity on and transparency for the organizing committee that we’re trying to support in every possible way — and they are doing their best, they’re working incredibly hard — but without resources, no one is going to step forward and deliver without knowing that they will get paid,” Eliasch, an International Olympic Committee (IOC) member, said.

“It is a very logical step to take,” Eliasch said of a rotation model. “And I have advocated for it with my IOC hat on. Without long-term planning, people are not going to invest. And the Games are getting more and more expensive.”

“Huge investments, billions of dollars, are being invested in infrastructure,” Eliasch added. “Which becomes wasted after the Olympic Games have been held.”

“For Olympic Winter Games, to pull all that together, they need at least five or six years’ notice,” Eliasch said. “I think we’re looking at maybe six to eight venues to start with,” Eliasch said.

Climate pressure is accelerating the debate.

“Climate change could become an existential threat,” Eliasch said. “The only logical way to bring costs down to reasonable levels is to have a rotation scheme.”

The stakes extend far beyond winter sports.

“We are competing with Formula One, NFL, NBA, football — we have to be at the forefront,” he said.

“The five rings are magical. And that’s something we must protect at all costs.” — Reuters

Flagg’s breakout game

The National Basketball Association’s calendar was abuzz the other day with holiday matchups featuring marquee names, but it was a 19-year-old who ultimately made the biggest statement. Cooper Flagg, barely a week past his birthday and still settling into the league he entered as the first overall pick in the draft in June, delivered a breakout performance that redefined the Mavericks’ narrative for the season and, perhaps, for the foreseeable future.

Flagg finished with 33, nine, nine, one, and one, spearheading a breathtaking 131-130 win over the Nuggets at the American Airlines Center. In putting on a show filled with highlight reels, he flirted with a triple-double through efficient shooting, timely threes, crisp playmaking, and poise in tightly contested moments. And although the visitors had every chance to steal the contest at the buzzer, fate smiled on him and his teammates; a wide-open attempt rimmed out, and they prevailed. 

Still grappling with a losing record and the weight of a seismic shift following the departure of erstwhile foundational piece Luka Doncic last season, the Mavericks most definitely needed the performance. More than a mere, if rare, notch in the win column, it was a signal that their rising star was no longer a project with promise. In taking the measure of the Nuggets’ twin engines of Nikola Jokic and Jamal Murray, Flagg showcased an unusual blend of youth and savvy. Losing head coach David Adelman noted what many around the league saw: His maturity belied his age, especially as he stymied a furious comeback from double digits.

Flagg’s transcendent outing enters the record books alongside the Mavericks’ great single-game lines, joining Luka Doncic and Jason Kidd as the only rookies to post a 33-9-9 line. It’s a feat more often associated with longtime All-Stars than a teenager in just his first full season. And, yes, the context around these numbers deepens their resonance. The Mavs have been searching for consistency and identity, and, if nothing else, his emergence offers a connective thread between the here and now and the there and then. It suggests that even in a rebuilding patch, moments of real promise are tangible.

Beyond the gaudy numbers, what stands out is the manner in which they were amassed by a competitive mind in the crunch. Flagg’s capacity to elevate those around him, even under duress, is what separates him from other prospects. For the Mavericks, the victory — narrow, dramatic, and narratively rich — may well be the first of many where he becomes a catalyst for collective growth.

The 2025-26 campaign has oscillated between hope and frustration, but success against the Nuggets the other nigh served to remind all and sundry that the essence of pro hoops is often distilled in singular performances that herald broader trajectories. And, for all intents, his Christmas Eve gift was a definitive declaration of intent.

 

Anthony L. Cuaycong has been writing Courtside since BusinessWorld introduced a Sports section in 1994. He is a consultant on strategic planning, operations and human resources management, corporate communications, and business development.

Manila urged to expand ASEAN chairship agenda beyond security

PRESIDENT Ferdinand R. Marcos, Jr. leading the official launch of the Philippines’ Chairship of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 2026 at Foro de Intramuros, Manila, Nov. 14. — PHILIPPINE STAR/NOEL B. PABALATE

By Adrian H. Halili, Reporter

THE PHILIPPINES should focus its agenda beyond traditional security issues, analysts said, as the country assumes chairship of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) next year.

Climate change and the digital economy should be central to the Philippines’ agenda as these could shape how Southeast Asia navigates its collective future, Josue Raphael J. Cortez, an ASEAN Studies lecturer at the De La Salle-College of St. Benilde, said in a Facebook Messenger chat.

Mr. Cortez added that the country’s upcoming chairship should address most of the “complex challenges” that the region is confronting.

Hansley A. Juliano, a political science lecturer at Ateneo de Manila University, however, said the regional bloc is not expected to change its focus next year.

“General agenda does not seem to shift much. The things we are discussing in ASEAN seem to be consistent every year — only because the issues concerning us in the region also remain unresolved,” he said in a Messenger chat.

The Philippines is set to host the ASEAN summit in 2026, following the official hand over by Malaysia last month. The country assumed the post a year earlier than scheduled, in place of Myanmar which won’t take over due to political unrest.

Manila is expected to put peace and stability matter high on its agenda next year, amid increasing tension with China on the South China Sea and growing conflict between Thailand and Cambodia.

According to Mr. Cortez, the country should take a stronger stance against conflict across Southeast Asia.

“Conflicts have always been a part and parcel of our shared experiences, and given that some of today’s tensions may potentially diminish the spirit of collective action and the regional order and stability we have always subscribed to when the bloc was established,” Mr. Cortez said.

He added that Manila is expected to “generate bold ideas that can aid in mitigating and devising pragmatic yet constructive pathways for coexistence between the involved parties.”

Southeast Asia has emerged as a flashpoint, with border clashes in Cambodia and Thailand, Myanmar’s junta-led elections amid a humanitarian crisis, and intensifying disputes in the South China Sea involving China and the Philippines among other claimant states.

Mr. Juliano added it is in the country’s best interest to promote peace in mainland Southeast Asia.

“Of course, the salient concern here is that these very countries are vulnerable to Chinese influence due to the governance situation of the Mekong. We should have a proper response to that, too,” he said.

He added that the government has become keen in platforming its agenda in the South China Sea by consolidating allies in the region. He, however, noted the Philippines should take caution in pushing for the completion of the South China Sea code of conduct (CoC).

“We should be cautious about the CoC because passage is contingent on neutralizing open China allies and even if it should pass, it is not an automatic guarantee of ceasing hostilities,” Mr. Juliano said.

Benilde’s Mr. Cortez said that the Philippines can lead in helming regional discussions on how the South China Sea dispute can be handled collectively.

“With some of its neighbors, including Vietnam and Brunei, also as state-claimants, the Philippines’ perception can undoubtedly be the impetus for us to further realize the importance of ensuring that these waters would not be subjected to full hegemonic control,” he added.

He said that Manila can exert pressure on member states to finalize a legally binding CoC for the disputed waterway.

“It is necessary that ASEAN takes a collective stance on the matter, and Manila as a regional negotiator may trailblaze all the trajectories we could pursue together,” he added.

The ASEAN and China agreed to craft a code of conduct in 2002, however, progress toward a binding framework has been repeatedly delayed by legal, political and strategic differences.

China has increasingly expanded its presence in the disputed waterway despite a 2016 arbitral ruling by a United Nations-backed tribunal that voided its sweeping claims, it has ignored the decision.

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