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Forecast for the Year of the Wood Snake

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In Chinese culture, the snake represents both yin and yang. It is often seen as mysterious and enigmatic, symbolizing wisdom, transformation, and regality. While some myths associate the snake with darkness and deceit, it also stands for rebirth and longevity, especially through the shedding of its skin.

The 2025 Lunar New Year is special because it aligns with the Wood element in Chinese cosmology, ushering in the Year of the Wood Snake. The combination of Wood and Fire, which governs this year, signifies growth, vitality, and transformation.

“Wood Snakes are known for their resilience, intelligence, and adaptability,” explains Professor Xiaohuan Zhao, a renowned Sinologist. “They embody the perfect blend of creativity and determination, making them natural leaders who thrive in challenging environments.”

As published on her own website, Feng Shui expert Marites Allen shared that the Year of the Wood Snake brings a strategic and thoughtful approach to 2025. The Wood element enhances the year’s energy, promoting creativity and the potential for growth. It encourages individuals to let go of old habits and embrace fresh starts.

“This is a year of planning and patience,” Ms. Allen said. “Avoid impulsive decisions and prioritize actions that align with your long-term aspirations.”

Relationships, too, will require nurturing, as the Snake’s charm opens doors for romance but also demands understanding and patience to resolve past misunderstandings.

2025 according to Chinese zodiacs

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For those born under the sign of the Rat (1948, 1960, 1972, 1984, 1996, 2008, 2020), 2025 promises a prosperous year. The financial outlook remains strong, with opportunities for growth continuing to appear. However, Ms. Allen cautions that risks such as theft, losses, and potential injuries could disrupt smooth progress.

Health-wise, stress management will be crucial. Regular exercise and relaxation practices will help maintain balance. In love, harmonious connections with loved ones will strengthen relationships, offering a supportive foundation throughout the year.

The Ox (1949, 1961, 1973, 1985, 1997, 2009, 2021) can expect abundant financial opportunities, though disruptions may arise. Investment prospects may appear, but Ms. Allen advises caution in assessing risks.

Health issues could interfere with work routines, affecting financial stability. Prioritizing well-being and taking preventive measures will be vital.

In relationships, the Conflict Star suggests patience and empathy will be necessary to maintain harmony. Challenges in love may arise, but a grounded approach will help the Ox navigate obstacles gracefully.

The Year of the Wood Snake may present unforeseen challenges for the Tiger (1950, 1962, 1974, 1986, 1998, 2010, 2022), particularly in health and finances. Ms. Allen warns that health issues could disrupt financial gains, making it essential to stay on top of personal well-being. Minor health problems, if neglected, may escalate, affecting both work and finances.

External pressures from work and finances may strain relationships, leading to disagreements. Patience, calmness, and a careful approach will help maintain health and manage personal relationships.

The Rabbit (1951, 1963, 1975, 1987, 1999, 2011) will experience a year filled with blessings, with the Future Prosperity Star lighting the way to wealth and success.

Health should generally be good, though the feng shui expert suggests regular check-ups and maintaining a healthy lifestyle for long-term well-being.

In love, the year calls for reflection on the future of relationships. External interference, such as opinions from friends, family, or third parties, may create challenges.

For the Dragon (1952, 1964, 1976, 1988, 2000, 2012), 2025 may bring financial complexities. Ms. Allen recommends seeking professional advice when making investment decisions, as the year favors informed choices over speculative ones.

Health should be prioritized, especially for those with existing conditions or prone to stress. Preventive care will be essential, and minor health issues should not be overlooked.

Balancing romantic pursuits with career demands may be challenging, particularly for singles. Married Dragons should also protect their relationships from external pressures that could cause strain.

The Year of the Wood Snake offers auspicious prospects for those born under the sign of the Snake (1953, 1965, 1977, 1989, 2001, 2013). The Prosperity Star promises significant opportunities for financial growth, but the feng shui expert advises a strategic approach to avoid overextending oneself.

While health remains stable, caution is urged, particularly on the road, where accidents or injuries could occur. Romance will be exciting, though relationships may require patience and understanding to thrive.

The Horse (1954, 1966, 1978, 1990, 2002, 2014) should stay open to new financial opportunities this year. However, business challenges may arise, and expert advice, as well as family support, will be key to overcoming obstacles.

Health is generally good, but Ms. Allen warns against overextending oneself, as burnout could result from a lack of balance. In relationships, misunderstandings within romantic or family dynamics may lead to tensions. Clear communication, patience, and understanding will be necessary to resolve conflicts and maintain harmony.

For those born under the sign of the Sheep (1955, 1967, 1979, 1991, 2003, 2015), 2025 offers opportunities to boost income, though financial stability may fluctuate. The feng shui expert advises a cautious approach to finances, avoiding rash decisions that could destabilize wealth.

Health may require attention, and seeking support when needed can improve both mental and physical well-being. In love, the year invites new experiences, but realistic expectations will be important.

The Monkey (1956, 1968, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2016) is forecast to be full of potential for financial and professional success this year. However, Ms. Allen warns that navigating these opportunities requires wisdom, patience, and balance. Intuition will be key when making decisions, and hasty choices should be avoided.

Health is generally good, but stress from travel or demanding work schedules could take a toll. Prioritizing rest and energy management will be key to maintaining vitality.

In love, relationships may either deepen or offer fresh starts, depending on individual circumstances.

For the Rooster (1945, 1957, 1969, 1981, 1993, 2005, 2017), 2025 presents an opportunity to rebuild and expand wealth, but success will depend on smart management and leveraging social networks. Surrounding oneself with supportive, knowledgeable individuals will be crucial for growth.

Health may present some challenges, with minor illnesses lingering throughout the year. Proactive health management will be essential to maintaining well-being.

In love, singles may find it difficult to form connections, as romantic pursuits may require more effort than anticipated. Instead, focusing on personal growth will help prepare for future love when the time is right.

The Dog’s (1946, 1958, 1970, 1982, 1994, 2006, 2018) forecast for 2025 advises caution in business ventures or career changes. Impulsive actions could backfire, so it’s important to make decisions that align with long-term goals.

Health will require extra attention, as energy levels need to be managed to avoid burnout.

In love, single Dogs may struggle to prioritize romance, but 2025 is an excellent time for building meaningful friendships.

For the Boar or Pig (1947, 1959, 1970, 1983, 1994, 2007, 2019), 2025 is a year to embrace change and adaptability. Whether considering a move, exploring new job opportunities, or refreshing your image, change can bring success.

Health remains a priority, as the Illness Star signals an increased risk of health issues. Proactive lifestyle changes will be necessary to improve overall well-being.

In love, the year encourages making difficult decisions in relationships that no longer serve you. Letting go may be challenging, but it could lead to emotional freedom and room for new growth.

Celebrating the new year

In keeping with the snake’s association with renewal, homes are advised to be adorned with green and gold accents, representing growth, harmony, wealth, and prosperity.

Killing snakes is also considered an ill omen, as they are seen as harbingers of both wisdom and good fortune during their zodiac year.

Likewise, traveling west is discouraged, as it is thought to disrupt the Wood energy that dominates this year. — Mhicole A. Moral

Welcoming the spirit of the Wood Snake in 2025

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The Year of the Wood Snake whispers of great change and transformation. Just as snakes shed their skin, it is the perfect time to restart, let go of old (and bad) habits and face the year ahead with confidence and a new perspective. The Lunar Year starts on Jan. 29 and ends on Feb. 16 next year.

Snakes have long been an integral part of Chinese cultures. Prof. Cai Zongqi, director of the Advanced Institute for Global Chinese Studies of Lingnan University, has recently shared in an article that snakes have served as tribal totems or royal symbols and believed to be little dragons and ancestors of these mighty creatures in the past. As powerful symbols, snakes greatly influenced Chinese mythology, literature, and history, embodying essential qualities like wisdom, love, wealth, and happiness.

“In the Chinese culture, the qualities the snake symbolizes include wisdom, spirituality, health, vitality, good fortune, and auspiciousness. As we approach the Year of the Snake, we aspire to wisdom and the pursuit of a new life, and wish our families and friends deeper wisdom, greater success in their careers, and a coming year filled with new and exciting opportunities,” he said.

As in previous celebrations of the Lunar New Year, vibrant colors, symbols, and best snake-like practices are set to usher in the Year of the Wood Snake.

Traditional feast

A traditional feast or “reunion dinner” is a cherished tradition for many Chinese households. Celebrated on Lunar New Year’s Eve (Jan. 28), it brings people together in one table and strengthens bonds through shared culture and traditions. With tables brimming with flavorful and meaningful dishes, every home is filled with happy and full bellies by the end of the night.

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On this special day, a classic dinner includes dishes such as dumplings, fish, noodles, rice cakes, sweet rice balls, and chicken or duck. In Chinese cultures, each dish holds deep significance, symbolizing good fortune for the upcoming year. For example, the stickiness and sweetness of rice cakes symbolizes family togetherness, dumplings for wealth, fish for abundance, and noodles for longevity.

Festivals

Another highlight of Lunar Year celebrations is the series of lively festivals to welcome the new year. Throughout this week, lion dance troupes fill the streets and malls, putting on lively performances. These performers wear giant lion costumes and imitate the movements of a lion through rhythmic dances.

Afterwards, people gather together to celebrate the Lantern Festivals, also known as Yuan Xiao Jie. On this day, spaces are filled with stunning lantern displays and light shows, creating a magical atmosphere in the air.

Historically, Lantern Festivals were about honoring the heavens, with people gathering in their yards, offering gifts to gods and lighting lanterns for deities. In the modern day, it has become a joyful event centered on fun traditions like lighting lanterns, playing lantern riddles, moon gazing, lion dances, and indulging in the festival’s food trademark—yuan xiao, delicious, moon-shaped glutinous rice dumpling with sweet fillings inside.

Temple visits

Many people also visit local temples during Lunar New Year celebrations. Often taking place during the third day of the New Year (Jan. 31), these visits are an opportunity for people to pray for blessings and fortunes for the upcoming year. They also give offerings, ask for divine help, and sometimes engage in fortune telling rituals. Visiting temples allows individuals to reconnect with their cultural heritage while welcoming a year full of prosperity and luck.

Bracing for the Year of the Snake your own way

The new year offers a perfect chance to hit the reset button by decluttering and clearing out the mess. A cluttered space is said to be draining one’s energy, making it necessary to ditch the unnecessary stuff, leave them behind in 2024, and start afresh.

When tidying up, it is advised to start little by little. For example, one can choose either a cabinet, a desk, or a bookshelf to organize. Setting small and manageable goals will prevent one from getting easily tired and overwhelmed easily.

One can also bring some flair to 2025 by incorporating the lucky colors of the year. Red, a staple of Chinese culture, remains especially powerful during the year due to its connections on earth elements like wood and fire. Red symbolizes the balance and harmony between these elements and represent luck, wealth, and business success. Pops of red can be added in one’s wardrobe, personal items, or home decors. The key is keeping it balanced and true to one’s personal style.

Green is also one of the most auspicious shades this year. In Chinese cultures, green represents the Wood Yin element, which fuels fire. When paired with brown (wood color), it can enhance one’s creativity and intelligence. This year, adding touches of green symbolizes an invitation to positive energy, luck, and fortune in the way.

Gold is also set to be another lucky color in 2025. Associated with elegance, prosperity, and wealth, gold tones, along with other shades of yellow, carry vibrant energy and meaningful symbolism. Incorporating gold accents into fashion styles through accessories or statement pieces can elevate one’s look while also attracting elevation of career prospects and financial success. A little touch of gold can go a long way, bringing positivity and abundance into the year ahead.

Snake charm or energy can also be channeled through one’s environment, beginning with paintings, statues, or pictures symbolizing snakes. For plant enthusiasts, consider adding sansevieria, also known as snake plants, into the collection. Sansevieria are flowering plants that feature snake-like leaves. They are not only visually appealing but also excellent for purifying air indoors. Additionally, they are believed to attract money, prosperity, and good energy.

The Year of the Snake also inspires health-conscious and wellness-oriented people to step into mindful yet relaxing practices like yoga by incorporating snake-inspired poses. A popular example is the Cobra pose, which mimics a snake that’s slowly lifting its head. Practicing the cobra pose is perfect for stretching and strengthening your body, as well as help with reducing back pain and stress. — Angela Kiara S. Brillantes

Practical feng shui for the Year of the Wood Snake

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Every year brings about new opportunities for those who are willing to listen to the world and go with the flow of its energy. And in this way, this 2025, the Year of the Wood Snake offers an energy of transformation, adaptability, and resourcefulness.

Feng shui, which translates to “wind and water,” is a traditional Chinese practice rooted in Taoist philosophy that seeks to harmonize the flow of chi, or life energy, in the environment.

Many Filipinos have been practicing feng shui for centuries intentionally or otherwise, as it is as part of Filipino culture as Catholicism. Sari-sari stores are often decorated with lucky charms or in the bright colors that attempt to maximize positive energy. Interior designers utilize feng shui concepts when arranging homes or offices.

The Year of the Snake

Though rooted in Taoist cosmology, feng shui has a plethora of practical and widely embraced traditions for creating harmonious spaces that simply enhance and enrich one’s environment no matter the context.

For instance, one of the core principles of feng shui is the proper arrangement of space to encourage a free flow of energy, or “Chi.” In an office setting, this means ensuring that workspaces are organized and clutter-free to allow positive energy to circulate.

Clutter, according to feng shui, represents stagnation and can hinder creativity and decision-making.

In feng shui, the Snake is considered a symbol of intelligence, intuition, and a calculated approach to opportunities. Combined with the Wood element — which signifies growth, vitality, and stability — 2025 offers an ideal blend of energies for those looking for a more focused stability in one’s life.

Maximizing these energies mean maintaining a tidy and organized environment to cultivate a sense of clarity and focus, both the essential qualities for navigating the adaptive energy of the Snake.

The placement of desks and furniture also plays a critical role in fostering productivity and success. This is another common concept in feng shui: the “commanding position” is where desks should be positioned to allow a clear view of the room’s entrance while not directly facing the door.

Such a placement symbolizes control and preparedness, enabling business leaders and employees to face opportunities and challenges with confidence.

Avoid sitting with your back to the door, as this can create a sense of vulnerability and lead to missed opportunities.

Embracing the growth and vitality of Wood

The Wood element — the defining characteristic of 2025 — represents growth, stability, and renewal. To harmonize with this energy, businesses can incorporate natural elements into their spaces. Adding plants not only enhances air quality but also symbolizes vitality and upward growth.

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Plants like bamboo, money trees, or jade plants are particularly auspicious as they are believed to attract prosperity and reinforce steady progress. Using wooden furniture or decor can further amplify the grounding and nurturing properties of the Wood element.

Lighting is another crucial aspect of feng shui that influences the energy of a workspace. Bright, well-lit environments encourage vitality and positive energy, reducing feelings of stress or lethargy. Natural light is especially beneficial, as it aligns with the life-giving energy of the Wood element. Where natural light is limited, full-spectrum lighting can be used to replicate its effects, creating an atmosphere conducive to productivity and well-being.

Color choices carry special significance with the Wood element favoring shades of green and brown. Green represents renewal, balance, and growth, while brown provides a sense of stability and connection to the earth.

Integrating these colors into office decor, such as through wall paint, furniture, or accents, can enhance the harmonious energy of the space. Complementary colors like blue, which represents the Water element that nourishes Wood, can also be used sparingly to balance and support the overall energy flow.

Harmonizing energies to find balance

Naturally, as the goal of feng shui is to find balance, the most important aspect of integrating feng shui in your business this year is ensuring the interplay of the five elements — Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water — is in harmony. While Wood is the dominant element this year, it should be supported by complementary elements and not overwhelmed nor is overwhelming.

The strategic use of symbols and objects can serve this purpose as well as attract prosperity and success. Placing symbols of wealth for example, such as a bowl of coins or a figurine of a dragon turtle, in the southeast corner of the office can help amplify financial energy.

Water features, such as small fountains or aquariums, are also auspicious when placed correctly, as they symbolize the flow of wealth and opportunities.

Incorporating subtle touches of Metal through metallic decor or accessories can provide structure and clarity as well, while Fire elements, such as red accents or candles, can ignite passion and motivation. Earth elements, like ceramics or stones, can ground the space, ensuring stability amidst growth.

Moreover, feng shui emphasizes the importance of movement and vitality in a workspace. Introducing dynamic elements, such as rotating art displays or interactive installations, can keep the energy fresh and invigorating. This aligns with the Snake’s transformative nature, encouraging adaptability and continuous improvement in business practices.

Practical tips for an auspicious 2025

For businesses navigating the Year of the Wood Snake, adaptability and strategic thinking will be key. Encourage flexibility within the organization by fostering open communication and collaborative work environments.

Drawing from the Snake’s resourcefulness, invest in technology and innovation to remain competitive, particularly in areas that align with the growth-focused energy of Wood. Enhance team morale by creating spaces that promote well-being, such as breakout areas with natural elements or relaxation zones.

Finally, take inspiration from the willow and the bamboo. Review financial strategies to build resilience against economic headwinds, bending with the flow to ensure long-term stability and success.

In the Year of the Wood Snake, businesses are encouraged to cultivate a forward-thinking mindset while staying rooted in the foundational principles of balance. Feng shui is not a panacea for business troubles, but if organizations can create an environment that not only supports growth and resilience but also inspires innovation and adaptability, then 2025 can be a prosperous year indeed. — Bjorn Biel M. Beltran

Energy giants seal $3.3-billion LNG deal

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THE SUBSIDIARIES of Manila Electric Co. (Meralco), Aboitiz Power Corp. (AboitizPower), and San Miguel Corp. (SMC) have finalized their $3.3-billion deal to build an integrated liquefied natural gas (LNG) facility in Batangas.

In separate announcements, the energy giants said that Meralco PowerGen Corp. (MGen), Therma NatGas Power, Inc. (TNGP), and San Miguel Global Power Holdings Corp. (SMGP) have successfully completed all the financial arrangements required for the deal.

MGen is the power-generation arm of Meralco, while TNGP is a wholly owned subsidiary of AboitizPower through Therma Power, Inc. SMGP is the power arm of conglomerate SMC.

Under the deal, MGen and TNGP, through their 60:40 joint venture Chromite Gas Holdings, Inc. (CGHI), will invest in South Premiere Power Corp. (SPPC), Excellent Energy Resources, Inc. (EERI), and Ilijan Primeline Industrial Estate Corp. (IPIEC).

SPPC is the owner-operator of the 1,278-megawatt (MW) Ilijan Combined Cycle Gas Power Plant, while EERI is the owner-operator of the 1,320-MW combined cycle gas power plant under construction. IPIEC is the owner of the plant sites of SPPC and EERI.

MGen and TNGP, along with SMGP, will acquire the Batangas-based LNG import and regasification terminal owned by Linseed Field Corp. (LFC), which will “process, handle, and deliver the LNG requirements of the power plants of SPPC and EERI.”

SPPC, EERI, and IPIEC were previously wholly owned subsidiaries of SMGP, said SMC.

With the completion of the transactions, CGHI will own 67% of the three firms. SMGP retains a 33% equity stake in SPPC, EERI, IPIEC, and LFC.

The financial close came a month after the Philippine Competition Commission approved the mega deal, allowing the parties to proceed with their joint acquisition of power facilities and the LNG terminal, subject to certain conditions.

In a regulatory filing last week, Meralco said it would borrow P75 billion from BDO Unibank, Inc., Bank of the Philippine Islands, and Metropolitan Bank & Trust Co., which is payable over 12 years.

Meralco Chief Finance Officer Betty C. Siy-Yap said via Viber that the credit facility is intended for the “acquisition of investments in Project Chromite” and will be drawn “within the week.”

First Grade Finance, Inc. Managing Director Astro C. del Castillo said that the landmark deal is expected to “boost the generation capacity of the two gas-fired power plants, contributing to a more stable and reliable power supply for the country.”

“However, the venture could unsettle the public and regulators as a few dominant players will control a significant portion of the energy supply,” he said via Viber.

“Regulatory oversight is critical to ensure a level playing field in the energy sector and that consumer protection measures are in place.”

Monalisa C. Dimalanta, chairperson and chief executive officer of the Energy Regulatory Commission, earlier said that the commission needs to review the LNG deal to ensure that the companies comply with market share limitations and to review power supply deals.

Meralco’s majority owner, Beacon Electric Asset Holdings, Inc., is partly owned by PLDT Inc.

Hastings Holdings, Inc., a unit of PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund subsidiary MediaQuest Holdings, Inc., has an interest in BusinessWorld through the Philippine Star Group, which it controls. — Sheldeen Joy Talavera

16 companies on SEC, PSE radar for IPO

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THE SECURITIES and Exchange Commission (SEC) is tracking 16 potential companies that may go public, according to its chairman.

“As for public listing, we currently have 16 leads, which we are still monitoring together with the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE),” SEC Chairperson Emilio B. Aquino said during his keynote message at the last leg of its Roadshow on Capital Formation for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and startups in Makati City on Tuesday.

The PSE is eyeing six initial public offerings (IPOs) this year.

“As overseer and regulator of the corporate sector and the capital market, we aim to create opportunities for businesses to realize their growth potential by availing of the limitless benefits of turning to the capital market for their capital needs,” Mr. Aquino said.

The SEC has been pitching the capital market to micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) as a source of financing.

In a separate statement, the corporate regulator said it generated P2.24 billion in fresh funds for small businesses after a two-year MSME nationwide roadshow.

As of the end of 2024, the SEC said that 361 companies tapped crowdfunding intermediaries for 1,212 projects, reflecting the surging interest in the capital market among MSMEs.

The commission also saw at least 358 companies that have signified their interest in crowdfunding activities.

The roadshow, which began in February 2023, touted the capital market as an option for MSMEs to fund their operations and promote expansion via crowdfunding and IPO.

The last leg of the roadshow was held at the SEC’s headquarters in Makati City on Tuesday.

The SEC visited 21 key cities, including Baguio, Tarlac, Legazpi, Cebu, Iloilo, Bacolod, Tacloban, Cagayan de Oro, and Zamboanga, catering to over 3,000 onsite participant MSMEs and 60,000 online participants.

“Catering to the needs of the country’s MSMEs, especially their access to capital, has always been a priority of the Marcos administration,” Mr. Aquino said.

“Aligning ourselves with this mandate of the government, the SEC sees the need for more financing instruments to be made available to our MSMEs who continue to face credit constraints,” he added. — Revin Mikhael D. Ochave

Senate bill extending Meralco franchise OKd on 2nd reading

PHILIPPINE STAR/BOY SANTOS

THE SENATE on Tuesday approved on second reading a bill that seeks to extend Manila Electric Co.’s (Meralco) franchise for another 25 years.

Under House Bill No. 10926, Meralco will be allowed to continue to construct, operate, and maintain its electric distribution systems in areas such as Metro Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, and Rizal.

The power provider supplies electricity to at least 7.775 million Filipinos.

Meralco will have to offer at least 30% of its outstanding capital stock to Filipinos; otherwise, its franchise would be revoked, based on the measure.

The Senate can only give the measure a final nod three days after its second reading approval.

Senator Emmanuel Joel J. Villanueva, who sponsored the measure, earlier said Meralco plans to invest about P24 billion over the next five years to upgrade its power distribution system and replace more than 45,000 aging poles and power lines.

Under the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) of 2001, power suppliers are mandated to ensure a reliable supply of electricity in a “least-cost manner” or at reasonable rates.

In his third address to Congress in July last year, President Ferdinand R. Marcos, Jr. sought a review of EPIRA to address issues hounding the energy sector, particularly high energy prices.

The House energy committee in November last year approved a bill that would give the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) “quasi-judicial, quasi-legislative, and administrative” powers to fast-track the resolution of pending applications and cases.

Energy Undersecretary Sharon S. Garin earlier urged senators to amend the ERC charter to allow price increases without regulatory approval as long as these fall within a set benchmark or bracket.

P19-BILLION REFUND
Typical households in areas served by Meralco may expect a refund of around P19 billion.

“We confirm that Meralco will be filing an application to refund a total of P19 billion, in compliance with the order of the ERC in December that declared July 2022-June 2025 as a lapsed period,” the company said in a statement on Tuesday.

Meralco said that the application was “duly published as well as a pre-filing requirement.”

The ERC is mandated to establish and enforce a methodology for setting transmission and distribution wheeling rates for a distribution utility.

Distribution utilities such as Meralco are subject to performance-based regulation wherein they are required to undergo a rate reset process prior to the start of the next regulatory year.

The rate reset process is usually a “forward-looking” exercise that requires the regulated entity to submit forecasted expenditures and proposed projects for the ERC to review and adjust rates.

In March 2022, Meralco filed its application for the fifth regulatory period (5RP), which spans from July 1, 2022 to June 30, 2026.

However, the rate reset during the period, which was supposedly under the 5RP, has not been completed.

Last year, the ERC decided to forego the regular regulatory reset process and declared July 2022 to June 2025 as a lapsed period.

With the application of Meralco, it said that the total proposed amount covers the difference between its actual weighted average tariff and the last approved rate of P1.35 per kilowatt-hour from July 2022 to December 2024.

The company is proposing to implement the refund over a period of 36 months, equivalent to around 19 centavos per kilowatt-hour for residential customers.

“It will be up to the ERC to accept, approve, or modify this application,” Meralco said.

Sought for comment, ERC Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer Monalisa C. Dimalanta confirmed that Meralco is undergoing the pre-filing process with the agency’s legal services.

“Once cleared and filed, we shall act on their application in due time,” she said in a Viber message. The commission has yet to receive the application, she said.

In a briefing earlier this year, Ms. Dimalanta said that the commission was targeting to complete Meralco’s rate reset for 5RP within the first semester of 2025.

Meralco’s controlling stakeholder, Beacon Electric Asset Holdings, Inc., is partly owned by PLDT, Inc. Hastings Holdings, Inc., a unit of PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund subsidiary MediaQuest Holdings, Inc., has an interest in BusinessWorld through the Philippine Star Group, which it controls. — John Victor D. Ordoñez and Sheldeen Joy Talavera

Discovery of a new Rizal letter: Austrian connection revealed

SCREENSHOTS of the Rizal letter on display and of Dr. Johann Stockinger’s presentation.

IT WAS a revelation of cultural and historical significance that no one at the Vienna City Library had been aware of for over a century. Jose Rizal’s letter in 1887 to Johannes Nordmann, an Austrian writer introduced to him by his friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, had never been read by anyone else, until now.

“Today, we give our deepest thanks and praise to Johann Stockinger, who unearthed this gem at the Vienna City Library, further deepening our understanding of Rizal’s global influence,” said Lourdes Bernas, Philippine Ambassador to Austria, at a lecture on Jan. 24 in Vienna, which was streamed live via Zoom.

“He learned about Blumentritt from his visit to the Philippines, where he saw the many places named Blumentritt. Mr. Stockinger’s dedication to research this connection has unveiled another proof of Rizal’s enduring legacy in Europe.”

The letter is found at the Vienna City Library, where it is open for public viewing. In it, Rizal mentions Johannes Nordmann’s book Frühlingsnächte in Salamanca (Spring Nights in Salamanca), which he likens to his own Noli Me Tangere.

CONNECTING THE DOTS
In May of 1887, Rizal and his friend Maximo Viola had visited Vienna, with correspondence with Ferdinand Blumentritt showing that the German had referred them to a few locals during their stay. One of these was Johannes Nordmann.

An Austrian writer and newspaper editor also known for being the president of Austria’s Concordia Press Club, Mr. Nordmann had welcomed the two Filipinos warmly, introducing them to his family, taking them to the theater, and inviting them to the press club. All of this Rizal had detailed in his letters with Blumentritt that month.

Dr. Johann Stockinger, with a doctorate in cultural and social anthropology and founder of the Austro-Philippine Society, wondered if there was more to this well-established connection.

“Tomorrow I shall also write to Mssrs. Nordmann and Willkomm,” Rizal said in a letter to Blumentritt while he was in Geneva in June of 1887.

“So, I searched for Nordmann correspondences dated 1887 here in the Vienna City Library,” explained Mr. Stockinger. “I found the letter — six pages — and on the first page Rizal mentioned the book he received from Nordmann: Spring Nights in Salamanca.”

The novel, published in the 1850s but later censored, then re-published in full in the 1880s, was written by Nordmann about the Concordat, an agreement between the Roman Catholic Church and Austria. It was a ruling that gave the clergy control over schools, censorship, and matrimonial laws.

Some of its main characters include friars who fall in love with noble ladies, mischievous friars, and even drunken friars.

Mr. Stockinger detailed Rizal’s praise of Nordmann’s book: “If you only knew Spanish, you would find something like this in my novel Noli Me Tangere, with the difference that mine are not as gloriously described as yours.”

He added that Nordmann faced an “odyssey” of sorts after publishing the novel — being summoned to the police, his book getting confiscated and tampered with, and eventually forced to publish in Germany instead of Austria.

Notably, Rizal says in his letter that if the Austrian officials were “rougher,” “smarter,” and “even more ridiculous and arrogant,” they would be more like the Spanish authorities in the Philippines, “who are preparing a much worse fate for me because of my novel,” he said.

RIZAL AND NORDMANN’S FATES
The letter features a rare connection between two writers who had undertaken similar work, one with heavier consequences than the other. Born from an introduction by Rizal’s known benefactor Blumentritt, their brief friendship can be glimpsed from this one piece of correspondence found 137 years later in the Vienna City Library.

In August of 1887, three months after the two men first met, Blumentritt sent a postcard to Rizal in Calamba, revealing that Nordmann had died from an operation at Wiedner Hospital in Vienna.

One could only speculate how Rizal reacted to this, but through the newly discovered letter, it is safe to say he mourned the loss of a valuable friend.

Part of the letter reads: “You have written an excellent description of the past of the monasteries and yet you suffered so much. What will I suffer for having written about the present situation of our monasteries in a mediocre novel?”

He would die nine years later after persecution for his novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.

Mr. Stockinger told attendees at the lecture that the letter shows that Rizal learned a great deal from his interaction with Johannes Nordmann and the history of Vienna.

“I learned a lot about Austrian history from this letter too. I didn’t know much about the Concordat before this,” Mr. Stockinger said.

Philippine ambassador Ms. Bernas hopes that more collaborative events will be held between Austria and the Philippines, so that each other’s peoples can be aware of “this precious connection,” and that more discoveries can eventually come to light. — Brontë H. Lacsamana

PAL’s 15-B share listing may attract value investors — analysts

An airplane is seen landing at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport, March 7, 2024. — PHILIPPINE STAR/RUSSELL PALMA

By Ashley Erika O. Jose, Reporter

THE LISTING of over 15 billion shares by flag carrier Philippine Airlines (PAL), operated by PAL Holdings, Inc., on the stock exchange may spur investor interest as it is expected to improve the company’s market visibility, according to analysts.

“This move reflects a key milestone in PAL’s restructuring efforts and demonstrates its intent to stabilize and strengthen its financial base,” Globalinks Securities and Stocks, Inc. Head of Sales Trading Toby Allan C. Arce said in a Viber message.

While this move may not directly spur operational growth for the company, it could provide liquidity for creditors and bring focus to PAL’s shares at the local bourse, Mr. Arce said.

“The large number of shares entering the market might suppress prices temporarily due to selling pressure, especially if creditors offload their holdings quickly,” he said.

According to Mr. Arce, the trading opportunity is expected to attract “value-focused” investors or those banking on PAL’s turnaround trajectory.

“Overall, while there might be short-term volatility, this listing could bolster long-term investor interest by improving liquidity and transparency,” he said.

In its listing notice to the stock exchange last week, PAL Holdings, Inc., the operator of Philippine Airlines, said it would list over 15 billion common shares on Jan. 27 at the stock exchange.

These shares were just being listed and were already issued back in 2021 and accounted for against PAL’s outstanding shares, Mr. Arce said.

“Most of these shares were issued in 2021 during PAL’s bankruptcy restructuring, with Lucio Tan’s Buona Sorte Holdings and 46 creditors, including major entities, receiving shares. These listings will potentially lead to significant selling pressure as creditors might cash out to recoup their losses,” Mr. Arce said.

According to its notice, PAL Holdings listed 15.24 billion of its shares, of which about 5.04 billion shares belonging to the creditors will be tradable while the remainder have a lock-up period of 180 days.

“[This is a] positive step, [and] will improve share liquidity and share price discovery, one that is more reflective of company growth potential and inherent fundamentals,” First Metro Investment Corp. Head of Research Cristina S. Ulang said in a Viber message.

At the stock exchange on Tuesday, shares in the company closed unchanged at P5.15 apiece.

The e.g. journal makes space for offcuts and false starts

A DISPLAY of e.g. journal at Everything’s Fine bookstore during the launch on Jan. 25. — ALICIA A. HERRERA

AS A platform for fresh and unseen pieces of writing, fragments of artworks, loose experiments, and literary digressions, local press Exploding Galaxies’ newly launched journal e.g. aims to fill a gap.

The works featured in it span early iterations that would otherwise not be accepted in other publications.

Edited by Nicole CuUnjieng Aboitiz and designed by Kristian Henson, the first issue features contributions by award-winning author Glenn Diaz and contemporary visual artist Lesley-Anne Cao. It contains the first two draft chapters of Mr. Diaz’s novel, Yñiga, which went on to win Best Novel in English at the 2024 National Book Awards, and various sketches from Ms. Cao’s practice, which explores the interplay of materiality, language, and artmaking.

Given the journal’s focus on off-cut fragments of literary and artistic work, its design and typography are similarly loose, tactile, and analog.

For its editor, showcasing remnants of the creative process as well as finished products is a natural way for Exploding Galaxies to revive overlooked works.

“If there’s no contemporary reinvestment of meaning into a work, it dies whether it remains in print or not,” Ms. CuUnjieng Aboitiz said at e.g. journal’s launch on Jan. 25, held at Everything’s Fine bookstore in Makati City.

Having republished two out-of-print novels so far, Exploding Galaxies hopes to “help amplify the larger discourse in which these works are situated,” she told BusinessWorld.

The journey of making e.g. started last July, according to publisher Mara Coson. “There’s a huge pool to choose from when it comes to writers and artists who can provide drafts and iterations of their work, but we thought to start with one text and one illustration,” she said.

THE VALUE OF THE PROCESS
At the launch, the team highlighted that e.g. is for works that are “fascinating but too focused, miscellaneous, extraneous, or experimental to incorporate into anything larger.”

This would include anything like “a research tangent on the history of ylang-ylang perfume that could inform part of a larger argument, short stanzas or scenes or variations on openings regretfully cut, as well as forays into new formats explored just to see where they may lead,” said Ms. CuUnjieng Aboitiz.

Pairing these offcuts of prose and poetry with visual art and sketches allows for a conversation to form.

Glenn Diaz, whose first three chapters of Yñiga, as well as its false start, were read out loud at the launch, admitted that it will only be interesting to a certain number of people.

“It’s interesting to me, though,” he told BusinessWorld. “I think the value of it is that there might be lessons in terms of how we look at the not-so-final, the not-so-perfect. It’s often an unnecessary judgment that we give to ourselves.”

Ms. CuUnjieng Aboitiz added that Ms. Cao, who was unable to attend the launch, also had similar reflections on “the process of pruning and sketching and thinking,” in contrast to her polished finished work.

“Pruning back to allow for a clear narrative to emerge is part of the process, enabling others to see this world newly shaped outside of your own cacophony, outside of your own imagination,” she said.

Limited editions of the print issues of e.g. are available at Everything’s Fine bookstore at Prince Tower, Tordesillas St., Salcedo Village, Makati City. Digital issues will be available soon via www.explodinggalaxies.com.  Brontë H. Lacsamana

Gov’t fully awards dual-tranche bond offer amid heavy demand

BW FILE PHOTO

THE GOVERNMENT made a full award of its dual-tranche Treasury bond (T-bond) offer on Tuesday as both tenors’ rates were below secondary market levels amid strong market interest, a decline in US yields, and expectations of a Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) cut next month.

The Bureau of the Treasury (BTr) raised P35 billion as planned via its dual-tenor T-bond offering as total bids reached P120.917 billion or over three times the amount placed on the auction block.

Broken down, the Treasury borrowed the programmed P15 billion via the reissued seven-year bonds, with total bids reaching P74.593 billion or almost five times the amount on offer. This brought the outstanding volume for the series to P276 billion, the BTr said in a statement.

The bonds, which have a remaining life of three years and two months, were awarded at an average rate of 5.894%. Accepted yields ranged from 5.85% to 5.9%.

The average rate of the reissued papers rose by 224.3 basis points (bps) from the 3.651% fetched for the series’ last award on July 27, 2021. This was also 226.9 bps higher than the 3.625% coupon for the issue.

Still, this was 11.4 bps below the 6.008% seen for the same bond series and 7.8 bps lower than the 5.972% quoted for the three-year bond at the secondary market before Tuesday’s auction, based on PHP Bloomberg Valuation Service (BVAL) Reference Rates data provided by the BTr.

The government likewise raised P20 billion as planned from the new 25-year T-bonds it auctioned off on Tuesday, with total bids reaching P45.964 billion or more than twice the amount on offer.

The BTr said this was its first offering of new 25-year T-bonds since 2015.

The notes were quoted at a coupon rate of 6.375%. Accepted yields ranged from 6% to 6.45% for an average rate of 6.334%.

The coupon fetched for the tenor was 5.9 bps lower than the 6.434% quoted for the 25-year bond at the secondary market prior to the auction, based on PHP BVAL Service Reference Rates data provided by the Treasury.

Following the strong demand for the 25-year tenor, the BTr on Tuesday opened its tap facility window to all 10 government securities eligible dealers and market makers to raise P5 billion more via the bonds at the same coupon rate quoted during the auction proper.

The government fully awarded its T-bond offering amid strong demand, which a trader said in a text message was expected following the drop in US Treasury yields overnight and the similarly well-received Treasury bill (T-bill) auction on Monday.

“Last night’s drop in US Treasury yields was caused by the drop in US stocks amid the flight to safety. Basically, there is less reason for rates to stay high,” the trader said.

“On the domestic end, investors are growing confident on the destination of rates and caring less about the bumps along the way.”

US Treasury yields tumbled to multi-week lows on Monday, tracking steep declines in equities, as investors sought the safety of government bonds, Reuters reported. The benchmark US 10-year yield dropped 7.7 basis points to 4.546%.

On Tuesday, the yield on benchmark 10-year Treasury notes bounced back in Asia time to 4.55% after dropping to a one-month low of 4.561% the previous day.

The decline in T-bond rates also came amid market expectations of a 25-bp cut by the BSP Monetary Board at its Feb. 13 policy meeting amid easing inflation concerns, Rizal Commercial Banking Corp. Chief Economist Michael L. Ricafort likewise said in a Viber message. 

BSP Governor Eli M. Remolona, Jr. earlier said the central bank still has room to continue its rate-cut cycle as current benchmark interest rates remain “restrictive.”

The Monetary Board has slashed benchmark borrowing costs by a total of 75 bps since it began its easing cycle in August, bringing its policy rate to 5.75%.

Tuesday’s T-bond auction was the last one for January. The BTr raised P125 billion as planned via long-term debt this month as it made full awards of all its offerings, and also borrowed an additional P15 billion via tap facility window offers following two T-bond auctions.

In February, the government is looking to raise P203 billion from the domestic market, or P88 billion from T-bills and P115 billion from T-bonds.

The government borrows from local and foreign sources to help fund its budget deficit, which is capped at P1.54 trillion or 5.3% of gross domestic product this year. — AMCS with Reuters

Rebisco eyes double-digit growth despite raw material costs

REPUBLIC BISCUIT Corp. (Rebisco) expects modest double-digit revenue growth despite concerns about rising raw material costs, a company official said.

“We’re looking forward to this year being a good year, especially with the usual support and boost from all our wonderful people in politics,” Rebisco Vice-Chairman Jonathan C. Ng told reporters on the sidelines of the Business Manual CEO Awards 2025 on Monday.

“I think we are looking at a modest double-digit increase in our topline,” he added.

However, he said that the company does not anticipate similar growth for its bottom line this year due to rising cocoa prices. The company imports most of its cocoa from countries such as Malaysia.

“The net income is going to be a little bit difficult this year. I think we’re looking at a little bit of potential price inflation, some cost inflation, especially in our business, as cocoa prices are up again—the raw materials,” he noted.

At the same time, he said the company has plans to expand its factory lines amid growing demand for its products.

“We’re fortunate enough that the market loves our product, so we’re looking at expanding our capacity some more to fill the market requirements. That is more or less adding new lines,” he added.

He said the company is also on the lookout for expansion in international markets.

“In general, our strategy has always been, as I mentioned, the Filipino family. So, basically, where you have a lot or you have a presence of overseas Filipino workers, it’s a very interesting market for us,” he added.

The company already exports to Thailand, Taiwan, the United States, Dubai, the United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong, and Vietnam.

“Those are a few markets that come to mind as good markets for us,” he said.

Internationally, the leading product is Doowee Donut, while domestically, it is Rebisco biscuits.

Mr. Ng also said the company is monitoring measures like the tax on single-use plastics.

“That’s something to look at. It’s something that’s of concern. Because we feel that our product needs it. So, I’m not sure where the government is going to go with this,” he said.

“We will do what we can to see what we can absorb and improve with the way we do things, especially with our plastic use,” he added.

Asked about plans for an initial public offering, he said: “It’s something we always hear people tell us or ask us. It’s maybe something to think about but no real plans.”

Mr. Ng was among the executives from various companies recognized for their exemplary work in their respective fields at the Business Manual CEO Awards 2025. — Justine Irish D. Tabile

The demographic dividend of the Philippines: Let’s talk about sex education

FREEPIK

(Part 9)

If we accept the truth that human sexuality, marriage, and family cannot be analyzed in purely materialistic, hedonistic, or consumerist terms, then sexuality education itself must be an education in the ultimate purposes of life, love, sexuality (manhood and womanhood), and sex itself. This is the approach taken by an 11-volume guidebook for schoolteachers and parents on education in human sexuality, intended for pupils in Grades 5 to 12 written by Antonio Torralba, Chelina de los Trinos-Gutierrez, and Lora Tan-Garcia (together with other alumni of the University of Asia and the Pacific).

With the introductory volume entitled, Sexuality Education 101 (Education in Love, Sex, and Life), this series of textbooks is currently used in hundreds of public and private schools all over the country because the content and approach used by the authors are of universal application across faith (with no reference to religious beliefs), culture, social status, and school type.

This guidebook should be seriously considered as an alternative to materials and approaches being proposed by both Senate Bill 1979 and Department of Education Memo 31 that incorporate very dangerous ideas from the so-called Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) being proposed by such international bodies as the UNESCO and the World Health Organization (WHO), notorious for indulging in what is called “ideological colonization.” Even President Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos, Jr. himself has observed that the Senate Bill reeks with the very dangerous “woke mentality” that the Bill’s proponents are “trying to bring into our system.” For example, these international bodies discuss masturbation as normal, not harmful, and in WHO, an explored topic at a very early age. Our legislators should be very careful that they don’t pass laws that incorporate, even subliminally, morally objectional behaviors that some of these international bodies are trying to impose on the developing countries of the world under the guise of modernization and industrialization.

The guidebook seeks to accomplish two objectives:

a. To provide teachers and parents with sound criteria based on both faith and reason to enable children to make good and responsible day-to-day decisions.

b. To provide an easy reference for parents and teachers on the education of pre-teenage and teenage children in living their sexuality with the goal of wholesome lifestyle and well-being.

As we saw in my last column, parents are the first and principal educators of their children, especially on the topic of sex education.

The guidebook was meant by the authors — highly experienced especially in values education or character development — as a response to the mandate of legislation on reproductive health. They recognized the fact that human sexuality is the most deeply personal of all subjects in the basic education curriculum. It is obvious that the subject is not just an academic matter but one that is life directing, since what is primarily studied is the human relationship between man and woman, between husband and wife, and between father and mother. Its teaching must, therefore, be based on objective and universal principles that ought to be more or less understood by the parents and teachers working in close collaboration with one another across the grade levels. And as indicated in the law, the teaching on sexuality has to be age-appropriate both in substance and form, in content and approach.

Let me quote from a chapter of the book entitled “The Bottomline is the Human Person”: “In giving an authentic sexuality education, it is necessary to have a philosophical understanding of the human person. Why? By analogy, a doctor cannot make right diagnoses if he does not have a good grasp of human anatomy. His prescriptions would not work well and could even be fatal. Similarly, without a genuine understanding of the human person, his dignity and the gift of his sexuality, the teacher may unwittingly use methods or impart information that harm the student’s judgement on sexual matters. One student whose teacher taught her and her entire class how to use a condom using a banana said, “On hindsight, this lesson did not teach me to respect my body and the act of sex. It even made me curious about sex and everything else that had to do with it.”

As reported by Kyle Aristophere T. Atienza et al in this paper, the Senate Committee on Basic Education, led by Senator Sherwin T. Gatchalian, is conducting an inquiry into the Department of Education’s implementation of sexual education in response to criticisms of the Bill coming from organizations of parents, educators, and religious leaders. This move was also partly provoked by comments of President Marcos Jr. which linked the Bill to the “woke mentality” especially prevalent in the US during the term of President Joe Biden. Mr. Gatchalian, who worked closely with former Senator Sonny Angara (who is now the Secretary of Education) on issues of basic education, announced: “Amid debates on implementing sex education in schools, where the President emphasized the important role of parents — a stance I completely agree with — the Senate Committee on Basic Education will conduct an inquiry on the DepEd’s implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education.”

(To be continued.)

 

Bernardo M. Villegas has a Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard, is professor emeritus at the University of Asia and the Pacific, and a visiting professor at the IESE Business School in Barcelona, Spain. He was a member of the 1986 Constitutional Commission.

bernardo.villegas@uap.asia