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Telcos open to DICT proposed MoU on towers

By Denise A. Valdez, Reporter
TELECOMMUNICATION firms are supportive of the government’s policy on shared infrastructure assets such as cell towers, but have yet to get details on the proposed memorandum of understanding (MoU) that the regulator wants to sign with them.
After the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) said on Monday that it wants to sign MoUs with telcos for coordination in the common tower initiative, Globe Telecom, Inc. General Counsel Vicente Froilan M. Castelo said in a phone call on Tuesday they “haven’t seen it yet.”
He noted, however, that if the MoU means they will be consulted on the locations of the common towers to be built, then they favor the idea “in principle.”
“That’s good, because this will… improve the number of cell sites in the country… As long as we are…consulted as to the location of these cell sites, this would be okay,” Mr. Castelo said.
Spokesperson Adel A. Tamano of the incoming third telco Mislatel consortium said they are also open to the proposal, but have not seen the proposal.
“This will be a great help not only for the roll-out of the Third Telco but equally so in providing better services for all telco players,” Mr. Tamano said in a text message.
Smart Communications, Inc. declined to comment until the DICT presents the proposed MoU. But Smart Chairman Manuel V. Pangilinan had earlier expressed support for the common tower plan.
On Monday, the DICT issued a statement saying it wants to involve the telcos in an MoU with the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) as part of its target to install 50,000 common towers all over the country over the next seven years.
The MoUs, it said, will identify recommended sites for towers, initiate coordination among the DICT, NTC and the telcos regarding priority locations and “connect more missionary areas through a possible government subsidy.”
This development comes after the DICT signed MoUs with 15 common tower providers eyeing to enter the Philippine market.
DICT Acting Secretary Eliseo M. Rio, Jr. said getting the telcos on board will help the government’s common tower initiative, a part of which is the scheduled release of the revised draft policy on common tower regulation in the second quarter.

Campaign seeks to reduce firms’ use of pirated software

A GLOBAL organization of software advocates is knocking on the Philippines to be part of a regional movement to reduce the rate of usage of unlicensed software assets in the ASEAN.
The Software Alliance (BSA) launched on Friday the “Legalize & Protect” campaign, together with the Optical Media Board (OMB) and the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL), to appeal to companies to end the use of pirated software.
BSA Senior Director for Asia Pacific Tarun Sawney said it is high time for companies to shift to licensed software to use in businesses, noting that doing otherwise would put them at increased risk of malware attacks.
“Previously, there was a legal risk of you are using unlicensed software in your organization. Now, the risk is to the organization itself. If you use unlicensed software, the chances of you encountering malware is (higher),” he said during the press launch in Makati City.
He noted that critical data and company privacy are compromised when using unlicensed software because they are not shielded by the first line of defense guaranteed by a software provider.
“When you have a licensed software, you have patches that are provided to you almost immediately, or sometimes even before the threat arrives. Why? Because it is the best interest of the suppliers of software that they protect their customers. So they put a huge amount of resources into (addressing) these threats before they actually damage their customers,” Mr. Sawney said.
He added that using pirated software doesn’t just affect the company using it but also its customers whose data are stored in its system.
“The message here is that it is in your best interest to use software for your client base, for your organization’s reputation… If you are under obligation to protect your customers’ identity and privacy, and you use unlicensed software and you get hacked, then you are liable to a lot of suits from your customer base,” Mr. Sawney said.
He revealed that the Philippines has a 64% rate of usage of unlicensed software in 2017, higher than the regional average of 57%, and even greater than the world average of 37%, based on the BSA Global Software Survey released in June 2018. Mr. Sawney said the most common softwares that are pirated are operating systems and anti-viruses.
By working with the government in educating business leaders about the risks of using unlicensed software, the BSA aims to see a 5-6% reduction in illegal software usage in the Philippines over the next two years.
For his part, IPOPHL Deputy Director General Teodoro C. Pascua said: “We want to have government agencies to be conscious about IP (intellectual property). If you’re conscious about IP, you know very well that illegal use of software violates the intellectual property rights of the software maker.” — Denise A. Valdez

Study shows Filipinos trust banks with personal data

FILIPINOS GENERALLY trust banks with their personal data but security remains their top concern for financial firms, according to a recent report by Unisys.
In its 2019 Asia Pacific Banking Insights study, the American technology company said Philippine clients mostly trust lenders with their personal information. In particular, 42% of respondents said they trust banks, double the 21% who said they are comfortable with sharing their data with the government.
“Philippine banks currently enjoy a high level of trust from their customers based on their ability to protect the sensitive personal data in their care,” Ian Selbie, industry director for financial Services for Unisys Asia Pacific, was quoted as saying in a statement.
Nine percent said they trust international card networks, while those who said they trust telecommunications firms and e-commerce shops stood at three percent each. Meanwhile, around 14% of respondents said they do not trust any of these institutions.
The online survey covered 5,000 consumers across the Philippines, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand about their concerns in using banking services.
Filipinos’ trust in banks is the highest compared to other nations, with New Zealand following with 41%. Hong Kong residents trust their government the most, while a big chunk of Australians and Taiwanese said they trust no one.
The report also noted that the main concern of Filipino depositors is their bank’s focus on data security, followed by fast and efficient service.
Meanwhile, half of local clients said they are “very comfortable” about using voice, face or fingerprint scan to verify their identity while using mobile banking applications, versus the 13% who said they are not comfortable.
Of those who are not confident with using biometrics, 58% said such data may still be stolen but are irreplaceable.
The Unisys Security Index also revealed that 88% of local clients fear identity theft the most, referring to the use of their stolen data to access their accounts. Some 87% of respondents signalled wariness about the impact of natural disasters, while 86% said they are afraid of card fraud.
On bank services, Filipino customers said they are annoyed the most by long lines in bank branches, followed by the repetitive nature of bank transactions across platforms or touch points. — Melissa Luz T. Lopez

Hip hop best bet for a cheese that will please — new Swiss study

BURGDORF, Switzerland — Exposing cheese to round-the-clock music could give it more flavor and hip hop might be better than Mozart, Swiss researchers said on Thursday.
Nine wheels of Emmental cheese weighing 10 kilos (22 pounds) each were placed in separate wooden crates last September to test the impact of music on flavor and aroma.
The cheese was exposed 24 hours a day to A Tribe Called Quest’s hip hop track “We Got it From Here,” Mozart’s Magic Flute opera, or Led Zeppelin’s rock classic “Stairway to Heaven.”
One wheel was played the throbbing techno of Vril’s “UV” and another Yello’s dark ambient piece “Monolith.”
Soundwaves at low, medium, and high frequencies were played for three others while one wheel was left in peace.
“The most obvious differences were observed in strength of flavor, smell, and taste,” Bern University of Arts researchers said in reporting the findings of a culinary jury which did blind tasting.
“The hip hop sample topped the list of all cheese exposed to music in terms of fruitiness…(it) was the strongest of these in terms of smell and taste.”
Benjamin Luzuy, a Swiss TV chief and jury member, told Reuters TV: “The differences were very clear, in term of texture, taste, the appearance, there was really something very different.”
The experiment, instead of using loudspeakers, used mini transmitters to conduct the energy of the music into the cheese.
“All the energy is directly resonating inside of the cheese,” Michael Harenberg of Bern University of Arts told Reuters.
Beat Wampfler, the cheesemaker behind the project, said the cheeses were tested twice by the jury and both times the results were more or less the same.
He said the experiment would now focus on hip hop.
“The idea is now to take five or 10 cheeses and put hip hop on them and then compare.” — Reuters

Putting the calories before the cheeseburger

By Cass R. Sunstein, Bloomberg Opinion
A PROVISION of the Affordable Care Act that is strongly supported by Donald Trump’s administration requires calorie labels at US chain restaurants. The basic idea is that if consumers are informed, they will reduce their calorie consumption — and improve their health.
Unfortunately, it isn’t clear that calorie labels are doing much good. Some studies find that consumers are not influenced by them. They eat what they like, and they don’t care about calories. While other studies do find a real impact on people’s behavior, specialists question whether and to what extent the labels are promoting healthier eating.
New research finds that a small and simple fix might make a big difference: Put the calorie labels on the left side of menu items, rather than the right. That’s an intriguing finding, because it has implications for design choices by the private and public sectors in countless domains.
The researchers — Steven Dallas of New York University, Peggy Liu of the University of Pittsburgh and Peter Ubel of Duke University — conducted three different experiments. The first was undertaken at a chain restaurant on a college campus.
About 150 participants were randomly assigned to one of three paper menus: no calorie information, calorie information on the right and calorie information on the left. Putting the information on the right had no effect. But when calories were put on the left, participants reduced the number of calories ordered by a whopping 24.4%.
The second study was an online survey involving about 300 people, asked to make choices among food items on a menu. About half saw calorie labels on the left and half on the right. Participants were also asked to say what factors influenced their choice (such as taste, size, price, value, and calories).
When calorie information was placed on the left, people said that they would order significantly lower-calorie meals. In addition, they were much more likely to say that calories influenced their choices.
The third study was the most ingenious. The researchers recruited about 250 Hebrew-speaking Israelis. Unlike English, Hebrew is read right to left. Dallas and his colleagues hypothesized that for speakers of Hebrew, their central finding would be reversed: Calorie information would have a greater impact if it was placed on the right.
As in the first experiment, participants were divided into three groups: calories to the left, calories to the right, and no calorie information. As in the second experiment, participants were surveyed about their choices.
When calories were placed to the left, Hebrew speakers were unaffected; the number of calories ordered was the same as in the no-calories condition. But when calories were placed to the right, participants ordered significantly fewer calories.
Here is a simple explanation for these findings: People are greatly influenced by what they see first. If they see “cheeseburger” first, they might well think, “That’s exactly what I want!” If they see “300 calories” right after, they might think, “OK, but that’s exactly what I want!”
If they see “300 calories” first, they might well think, “That’s a lot of a calories.” If they see “cheeseburger” right after, they might think, “OK, but that’s a lot of calories.” In other words, what we see first, on a menu or anywhere else, might orient us, and prove decisive, when we assess what we see second, third, and fourth.
As the authors emphasize, their findings are preliminary. The samples are relatively small. The second and third experiments involve surveys rather than actual behavior. If people care only or above all about taste, a calorie label might not matter, wherever it is placed.
Nonetheless, the findings are striking enough to justify follow-up studies — and also to justify experiments by the private sector and by cities and states, testing whether calorie labels will have greater effects when they are placed to the left. In view of the potential public health benefits, those experiments should be conducted sooner rather than later.
There are broader lessons here. Behavioral economist and Nobel laureate Richard Thaler emphasizes the importance of “supposedly irrelevant factors” — design details that ought not to have an impact, but that can make all the difference. If an item is listed first on a menu or some kind of list, people are more likely to choose it. (And, yes, this is also true of economists, choosing among highly technical papers in their field.)
In the private and public sectors, people are sometimes disappointed to find that with respect to health, safety and finance, their initiatives do not work nearly as well as they hoped. One reason is that they do not ask a crucial question: How do people process information? Just asking that question can point the way to solutions to urgent problems.
Cass R. Sunstein is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist. He is the author of The Cost-Benefit Revolution and a co-author of Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth and Happiness.

Driving diversity, inclusion and digital transformation together in fast-evolving times

By Ronnie Latinazo
Country General Manager, Dell EMC Philippines
AS THE business landscape continues to evolve quickly, two concepts are becoming increasingly apparent and are starting to intertwine. The first, ‘digital transformation,’ is a term familiar to many, describing the advanced technological processes designed to improve business outcomes and operations. The second, ‘diversity and inclusion’ (D&I), is rapidly growing as a business imperative.
In recent years, leaders have been challenged to maintain their organization’s relevance in the digital economy, which has been notable for its widespread disruption of the status quo. The importance of D&I in digital transformation has also been widely discussed, as the understanding that diverse teams are more innovative and creative has increased. This has been quite evident in companies with high percentage of women executives: according to a DDI study, in the 20% of companies that performed well, 27% of which were led by women executives.
The indicates a positive outlook for companies in the Philippines, as according to the latest Grant Thornton study, the country is among the top-ranked countries (#1 in Asia, #5 in the world) that have women in senior management positions. However, the limited access to developmental work opportunities (55%) was cited by these women executives as one of the barriers that hinder them from obtaining the necessary skills to be successful in their positions.
This makes it all the more important for companies to balance and focus on the changing relationship between humans and machines. 8 in 10 business leaders in the Asia Pacific & Japan (APJ) region agree that humans and machines will work as integrated teams inside their organizations within the next five years. What does this mean for human skills? A survey conducted by McKinsey revealed that execs believe employees with strengths and skills such as creativity, critical thinking, decision-making, and the ability to process complex information, will be in higher demand in the workforce of the future. Clearly, for any organization going through a digital transformation that is looking to create new products, applications and customer touch-points, it is crucial to consider creativity, as well as ensuring that the teams involved have a variety of perspectives and experiences. This is where diverse and inclusive teams will come to the fore in helping organizations to be strong contenders in this digital era.
So, as organizations look to navigate digital transformation — and truly prosper from it — it is clear that D&I has a part to play in helping businesses to succeed. What, then, do business leaders need to consider in order to make digital transformation a reality, while emphasizing diversity?
1. Being aware: Staying ahead of conscious and unconscious bias
Showing bias and perpetuating stereotypes can happen inadvertently, and organizations need to be proactive in addressing this with awareness and education programmes.
The tech industry, which has traditionally been seen as a male-dominated environment, provides a great case-in-point. In 2017, Vodafone reportedly rephrased its job advertisements with a specific focus on eliminating gender bias. During a three-month trial it saw an increase in the number of women hired by 7 percent. An advert for a cloud service operations engineer — originally written to seek “outstanding individuals” and “help on our aggressive journey” — was modified to more gender-neutral language and a search for “extraordinary individuals,” and “help on our bold journey.”
Being aware of such “blind spots” or preconceived notions can help leaders, and particularly HR teams, formulate necessary strategies to foster a welcoming environment. Correcting imbalances in unconscious bias awareness can have far-reaching and advantageous effects.
2. Be strategic about D&I initiatives and digital transformation outcomes.
In addressing diversity, it is not simply a question of ticking a box and hiring someone just because he or she is different by race, nationality, or sex. Equally, leaders must avoid taking D&I as short-hand for “gender equality.” Instead, they and their organizations must understand the end-to-end goals for D&I, just as they would for digital transformation.
Challenges around D&I and digital transformation alike cannot be solved by creating a new job function or by hiring a specific number of human resource officers or technology leads. Such transformations are cultural, take time, and involve the entire organization — and the onus is on leaders to ensure that related initiatives are well-communicated and fit into realistic and achievable timelines. Neither is a short-term project or something that can be patched with a ‘quick fix’ — and nor should they be addressed for the sake of seeking awards or accolades. Rather, time and energy should be invested in ensuring that the whole organization fully understands diversity and digital transformation, and that it is committed to it for the long-term.
At Dell, celebrating the diversity of our teams is important to us. Over the years, we’ve established various Employee Resource Groups (ERGs) that provide mentorship and leadership development for employees globally across all genders, ethnicities, sexual orientations and backgrounds. Our APJ region has the largest ERG membership, with over 12,000 participating team members. The result is a more engaged and energized team, and this is telling in our business results, where we’ve demonstrated strong growth as a company — the ultimate testament to the strength and quality of our team.
3. Tap chief HR officers and CIO-expertise to pace the rate of change, so diversity and digital can truly collide for mutual benefit.
HR and IT are focused on the trend of what’s happening between people and technology. For example, digital transformation has eliminated a lot of the ‘less glamorous’ work associated with the HR function — i.e. through the automation of payroll and salary records — allowing that department to focus more on strategic initiatives and analytics. Increasingly, technology is giving the HR department the power to innovate, something that will be increasingly important as organizations consider new employee engagement and continuous-learning strategies, ensuring their teams are fully readied to harness the power of technology and transformation programmes.
Further, considering that ‘diversity’ can also include ‘diversity of generation,’ CIOs will need to work even more closely with Chief HR Officers (CHROs) to formulate strategies that will enable different generations to work together, as ‘Generation Z’ is welcomed to the workforce.
According to the Philippine findings of the Dell Technologies’ “Gen-Z: the future has arrived” research, 86% of Gen-Z Filipinos are willing to be technology mentors to others, especially for the older generation, for the job. This implies an opportunity for companies to reduce an inevitable “digital divide” among five generations in the workplace, by addressing variances in IT competency and build a more well-integrated workforce.
My advice to organizations is: leverage and support your CHROs and CIOs. Ensure that they have a strong relationship and an open dialogue that fosters collaboration, innovation and mutual enablement from which the whole organization will profit.
With a heightened focus on driving business success in an era of disruption and reinvention, all leaders should take steps to embed D&I within their digital transformation strategies. This will not only help to accelerate the path to success, but it will also be actively noticed — and valued — by the talent you wish to attract and the customers you are looking to serve.

FCA fines UBS 27.6 million pounds for transaction reporting failures

LONDON — Britain’s markets watchdog said on Tuesday it had fined Swiss bank UBS a record 27.6 million pounds for failing to report 136 million transactions properly for nearly a decade in a repeat offense.
The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) said the failings cover reports between November 2007 and May 2017.
“If firms cannot report their transactions accurately, fundamental risks arise, including the risk that market abuse may be hidden,” said Mark Steward, the FCA’s executive director of enforcement.
The FCA had already fined UBS 100,000 pounds in November 2005 for transaction reporting failings.
UBS said on Tuesday it was pleased to have resolved what it called a “legacy matter”, which is was fully provisioned for.
“Although there was never any impact on clients, investors or market users the bank has made significant investments to enhance its transaction reporting systems and controls,” UBS said in a statement.
Under European Union securities law, banks must report transactions like stock and bond trades in a timely and accurate way so that regulators can spot any suspicious moves quickly.
The FCA said UBS failed to ensure it made proper reports on 86.67 million transactions that were required to be notified to the regulator. It also wrongly reported 49.1 million transactions to the FCA that did not require reporting.
By agreeing to a speedy settlement, UBS qualified for a 30% discount, thereby avoiding a bigger fine of 39.4 million pounds.
UBS is the 13th financial firm to be fined for transaction reporting failures under EU rules that came into force in 2007. — Reuters

Max’s Group books P631-M profit in 2018

MAX’S Group, Inc. (MGI) reported flat earnings growth for 2018 as the company felt the impact of the higher inflationary environment.
In a statement issued Wednesday, the listed casual dining restaurant said net income stood at P631 million last year, compared to P626 million in 2017.
This came amid an eight percent increase in system-wide sales to P18.80 billion, supported by a four percent growth in same-store sales. Revenues accordingly jumped eight percent to P13.68 billion.
The opening of 24 company-owned branches prompted an eight percent increase in restaurant sales to P11.30 billion, while franchising income firmed up six percent to P820.4 million.
“Our results continue to show progress as we focus on our consumers and operate in the most cost-efficient way. Despite a rising inflationary environment, we managed to improve our profitability level,” MGI Chief Operating Officer Ariel P. Fermin said in a statement.
Earnings before interest, taxation, depreciation, and amortization climbed 28% to P1.58 billion, which the company attributed to a “more profitable mix of products and operational efficiencies in both stores and commissaries.”
“Combined, these efforts resulted in higher flow-through profit,” the company said.
MGI ended 2018 with a total of 705 outlets, following the opening of 66 new stores during the year. Eleven of these stores are located abroad.
The company announced last year that it looks to ramp up its franchising system to facilitate its expansion in the following years. It targets to have a 65% to 35% mix of franchised versus company-owned stores by 2020 to reach its goal of having 1,000 outlets by then.
Alongside its plan to have more franchised stores, MGI also said it wants to explore more untapped markets in Visayas and Mindanao, following the expansion of more mall developers into the provinces.
MGI’s brands include Max’s Restaurant, Pancake House, Yellow Cab Pizza, Krispy Kreme, Jamba Juice, Max’s Corner Bakery, Teriyaki Boy, Dencio’s, Meranti, Sizzlin’ Steak, Maple, Kabisera, Le Coeur de France, and Singkit.
The company said it is confident that the economy’s strength will continue to support its business moving forward.
“We are entering 2019 with guarded optimism with inflation starting to ease and election-related spending coming into play. Coupled with our business building programs, we hope this positive momentum will continue throughout the year,” MGI President and Chief Executive Officer Robert F. Trota said in a statement.
Shares in MGI jumped 3.34% or 40 centavos to close at P12.36 each at the stock exchange on Wednesday. — Arra B. Francia

How PSEi member stocks performed — March 20, 2019

Here’s a quick glance at how PSEi stocks fared on Wednesday, March 20, 2019.

 
Philippine Stock Exchange’s most active stocks by value turnover — March 20, 2019.

How has agriculture performed amid weather shocks?

How has agriculture performed amid weather shocks?

Duterte issues EO authorizing funding for gov’t salary hikes

PRESIDENT Rodrigo R. Duterte has signed an executive order authorizing funding for the fourth tranche of the salary hike for government workers against any available appropriations from the reenacted 2018 budget, as the contentious process of enacting the 2019 budget threatened to outlive the 17th Congress.
Malacañan Palace released to reporters on Wednesday a copy of Executive Order No. 76, which amends EO No. 201 (Series of 2016). The new EO carries the title “Modifying the salary schedule for civilian government personnel and authorizing the grant of additional benefits for both civilian and military and uniformed personnel.”
Mr. Duterte signed EO No. 76 on March 15, citing the need to implement the fourth tranche salary schedule for civilian government personnel by Jan. 1 of 2019 as indicated in EO 201.
Congress has yet to transmit the 2019 budget to the Palace for signing after it was approved by the bicameral conference. Representatives to the committee from the House have claimed that lump-sum items in the approved document need further “itemization,” creating a standoff with the Senate, which insists that the version approved by the bicameral committee be preserved. The House retrieved the budget sent to the Senate on Wednesday pending further negotiations.
The delay in transmitting the budget for the President’s signature has raised fears that the 2019 budget could be passed as late as August, or after the adjournment of the 17th Congress for the midterm elections in May.
The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) has warned that a budget signing in August could dampen economic growth to around the 5% range because of the unavailability of funding for new projects.
EO 76 notes that Congress has failed to pass the 2019 budget. Hence, the GAA for the preceding year “shall be deemed reenacted and shall remain in force and in effect until the general appropriations bill is passed.”
Section 15 (a) of EO 201 is “hereby amended” under the new EO. The amendment reads: “Pending the enactment of the Fiscal Year (FY) 2019 GAA, the funding requirements for the compensation adjustment for FY 2019 shall be charged against any available appropriations under the FY 2018 GAA, as reenacted, to be determined by the Department of Budget and Management (DBM), subject to existing budgeting, accounting and auditing rules and regulations.”
The order takes effect immediately upon its publication in a newspaper of general circulation. — Arjay L. Balinbin

El Niño crop damage tops P1.3 billion

THE Department of Agriculture (DA) said it now estimates El Niño-related crop damage at P1.33 billion, with an estimated volume of 78,348 metric tons (MT) worth of farm output lost to the weather phenomenon, which has caused severe drought across the country.
Some 70,353 hectares of agricultural land was affected, with 84,932 farmers reporting losses, according to DA data as of March 19.
Affected regions are the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR), Regions I, II, III, IV-A, IV-B, and V, which spans the length of Luzon from the Ilocos provinces to Bicol as well as the so-called MIMAROPA provinces; Regions VI and VIII or the Western and Eastern Visayas, respectively; and all across Mindanao in Regions IX, X, XI, XII and the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM).
Rice production losses were estimated at P814.4 million, with lost volume at 41,003 MT, and affecting 69,889 farmers over 54,924 hectares planted to the staple.
Corn production losses, meanwhile, amounted to P512.3 million, with lost volume of 37,344 MT, and affecting 15,043 farmers over 15,428 hectares.
“A total amount of P18.3 million has been released for cloud seeding operations. The Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) and Philippine Air Force (PAF) in Regions II, MIMAROPA, VII, and XII have conducted joint Area Assessment for pre-cloud seeding operations. Cloud seeding operations for Regions II, XI and XII will start on March 19 and 25, respectively using the PAF Nomad aircraft,” the DA said in an advisory.
The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) estimates first quarter production of palay, or unmilled rice, at 4.62 million metric tons (MT) in the first quarter, down 0.1% after actual year-earlier output came in at 4.62 million MT.
Its estimate for corn production in the first quarter is 2.54 million MT, which would be up 2.6% from the year-earlier output of 2.48 million MT. — Reicelene Joy N. Ignacio

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