BAMBOO is native through most of Asia — from the tropical jungles of Thailand and Vietnam, to the resort villages in Bali, to the periphery of the Angkor Wat in Cambodia, to the Arashiyama grove in Japan, and to both rural and urban Philippines.

The fact that this sun-loving grass is abundant in this region – such that it can grow into forests – made it earn a mixed reputation: to villagers, a poor man’s material; and, to builders, a boost to the aesthetics of luxury villas, posh homes, and hotels.

But there’s a common denominator among these groups: bamboo is a sustainable material.

Asian builders can learn from their Southern and Central American peers whose lush sub-tropical bamboo forests have been a source of strength for centuries, shielding homes from earthquakes.

Colombian Luis F. Lopez, a structural engineer for bamboo construction, has been building homes from bamboo for the Philippines’ poorest since 2014. The houses he makes are not the traditional bahay kubo – they can withstand magnitude 8 or 9 quakes and supertyphoons with wind speeds of up to 250 kilometers per hour.

How such a lightweight material as bamboo could weather nature’s harshest elements has basis in science. Growing up in Central America, also a seismic area along the Ring of Fire, Mr. Lopez knew how his hometown did not lose lives to disasters.

“The best houses to resist earthquakes are [made of] bamboo,” the Colombian engineer said during a recent interview with BusinessWorld in Manila.

“In Latin America especially Colombia, there’s tradition to build bamboo houses but in a different way. You can’t see bamboos outside the house. That technique of construction came from the coffee region of Colombia.”

In 2002, Colombia became the first country in the world to have a regulation governing bamboo construction, with homes employing that bamboo technology as old as two centuries, Mr. Lopez said.

The Colombian, who moved to the Philippines in 2014 to become head for product development and quality control at organization Base Bahay, brought that technology to the Philippines taking into account another variable: typhoons.

“We just take the technology from Colombia and Latin America because in Peru and Ecuador, they have similar technologies. We take that technology, we just adapt to Philippines with the conditions of the Philippines,” Mr. Lopez said.

“We don’t have typhoons in South America. We need to reinforce the house to resist their strong winds… And we also take things from the tradition of the bahay kubo and tradition of the people to make the people comfortable with the technology.”

The University of the Philippines in Los Baños helped Mr. Lopez’s team in testing Philippine bamboo’s resistance to earthquakes, but the final experiment was made not thru simulations but amid a real typhoon, with his team setting up wind instruments, cameras and a weather station.

“We had two options: go to Europe or Japan and test that or go thru a wind tunnel which are too expensive… We just waited for a typhoon in real life,” the engineer recounts.

The team built three houses in Iloilo and another three in Bicol.

“Yolanda passed but didn’t hit the houses. The first typhoon that hit the houses was Glenda. And after that Ruby, then Nina… We have records of these,” Mr. Lopez said.

The result of the experiments was a home whose walls are huge frames made of bamboo with claddings three centimeters thick. And unlike in resorts or in the typical bahay kubo, the bamboo poles are hidden within that plaster mesh.

“It’s a light frame made of bamboo. Then we put plaster, only three centimeters of plaster in mortar cement. Plaster metal mesh and bamboo frame. No more,” he explained.

“Many people think that we replaced the steel for bamboo. No, no, it’s not like that. It’s a frame made of bamboo,” Mr. Lopez added, noting that the bamboo homes still use steel but not in amounts found in houses made of concrete hollow blocks.

“We have some steel balls for the connection.”

Base Bahay is a not-for-profit organization established in 2014 as a spin-off from the Hilti Foundation and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) efforts to tackle urban housing, according to its website.

The organization has tapped foundations, mostly missionaries, to build affordable and disaster-resilient houses, with the first bamboo housing duplex inaugurated in Bagong Silangan in Quezon City.

It has also built 100 houses in Tacloban freely given to victims of Yolanda, one of the strongest cyclones to have hit the Philippines.

But with bamboo being a sustainable construction material, the goal is not just to build homes, Mr. Lopez said.

“The idea of Hilti Foundation is to make houses with sustainable materials that you can get from the country and make livelihood for people that produce those materials,” he said.

“We need to create the value chain for bamboo here in the Philippines.”

Base Bahay has a bamboo treatment facility in Negros, where mature poles are soaked to make them resistant to powder beetle infestation. The communities there produce 2,000 bamboo poles a month that the organization buys, therefore creating jobs.

The organization has built 400 houses in the Philippines so far and has set an annual target of 300 new homes.

“And maybe in three or four years more, we reach 500 per year,” Mr. Lopez said.

That meant new acres of bamboo shoots elsewhere in the country, and generation of more jobs — a cycle that other bamboo-rich areas can replicate and sustain. — Maria Eloisa I. Calderon

HONG KONG — Cheung Muk-gun’s home is an illegal, wooden shack under a highway in one of the poorest areas of Hong Kong, where sky-high property prices and a yawning wealth gap have helped fuel a surge in homelessness.

The 72-year-old earns about HK$10,000 ($1,279) a month working seven days a week at a frozen meat store in the working-class district of Mong Kok, a short trip across Victoria Harbour from the city’s opulent financial centre.

With property prices up 200% in the past decade, and a bed in a tiny, windowless apartment — often shared with other tenants — going for about HK$2,000 a month, Mr. Cheung said he preferred to live in his shack.

An apartment of around 250 square feet (23 square meters) in a new building with windows and a bathroom near Mong Kok would rent for about HK$12,000.

“Why would I want to spend so much on rent, not to mention other related miscellaneous expenses. After paying all that, my salary could hardly cover my daily expenses,” he said.

Since Mr. Cheung became a street sleeper more than five years ago, Hong Kong’s homeless population has jumped about 30% to 1,800, according to the Society for Community Organization (SoCO), a nongovernmental human rights group.

That compares with government data showing 1,075 registered street sleepers as of end-2017 and is double the 908 recorded in 2016. Government figures do not include so-called “McRefugees” who sleep in fast-food chains — whose numbers are significant but not officially counted — indicating homelessness is rapidly worsening in the Chinese territory of 7.3 million people.

While Hong Kong has far fewer homeless residents than, say, the almost 58,000 in Los Angeles County, the pace of their increase has alarmed social workers.

The crisis has piled pressure on the government after scores of protests in recent years over the soaring cost of accommodation. The Social Welfare Department says it is responding by helping street sleepers re-integrate into the community and working with six non-government organizations that operate hostels and emergency shelters.

“During the stay in the hostels, responsible social workers will assist street sleepers to identify long-term accommodation or appropriate residential care,” a department spokeswoman said.

In Singapore, Hong Kong’s traditional rival as a regional financial hub, the government estimates about 300 individuals and families are homeless out of a population of 5.6 million, thanks mainly to an adequate supply of subsidized housing and more affordable housing generally.

But in Hong Kong, severe shortages of affordable accommodation are driving more and more people onto the streets.Homelessness is now affecting sections of the population who previously could afford a place to live, such as those with jobs, according to rights groups.

About one in five people live below the poverty line even as Hong Kong’s wealth gap swells to its widest in more than four decades.

MCREFUGEES
While the government provides shelters and subsidized housing for homeless people, critics say caps on the length of time they can stay only offer short-term relief.

SoCO social worker Ng Wai-tung estimates 25% of Hong Kong’s homeless population are McRefugees — people who call fast-food outlets home. He expects to see more in the summer when street sleepers seek air-conditioning to cool down.

Slouched in a corner of a 24-hour McDonald’s in Kowloon district, Wong Shek-hei, 65, said he earned HK$7,000 a month as a cleaner. He left a bed that cost about HK$1,500 a month more than three weeks ago, when bed bugs and disturbances from drug addicts drove him to the fast-food restaurant.

“In summer there are more than 20 people sleeping here,” he said.

Reuters visited four 24-hour McDonald’s, where it found on average six people bedding down of a night in each of the restaurants. Some lay stretched out with their shoes off, while others slept with their heads on tables.

“Since more than 120 McDonald’s restaurants are operating around the clock among our around 240 restaurants in Hong Kong, there could be chances that some customers stay in our restaurants overnight,” McDonald’s told Reuters.

“McDonald’s Hong Kong is accommodating to people (who) stay long in the restaurant for their own respective reasons.”

As the homeless population grows, rough-sleepers are appearing in areas they were rarely seen previously.

“The situation has definitely worsened in the past two years and we see Tsuen Wan as a new location for the homelessto gather,” said Olivia Chan, a social worker with Christian Concern for the Homeless Association, referring to a district on the mainland north of Mong Kok.

“More and more people are sleeping in fast-food shops now.”

One McRefugee surnamed Yeung, who has been sleeping at a McDonald’s branch for the past eight months, said the outlet was a safe haven for him.

“McDonald’s doesn’t approve of you sleeping here, but they turn a blind eye,” Mr. Yeung, who declined to use his full name due to concerns over job security, told Reuters.

“It’s a shelter from the rain, the heat, the cold and the bad.” — Reuters